Ecological Theory And Child Development Social Work Essays

Ecological Theory And Child Development Social Work Essays Ecological Theory And Child Development Social Work Essay Ecological Theory And Child Development Social Work Essay Analyse the part of Ecological theory to our apprehension of typical and untypical kid development, and discourse this theoretical account in relation to the factors and possible intercessions for kid maltreatment The importance of penetration sing the parent/child bond has ever been a constituent of societal services usage, but the significance has non ever been indentified of the interaction that the environment plays on a parents ability to move in their kid s best involvements ( Department of Health, 1999 ) . A important discovery in the cognition of kid maltreatment appears to hold emerged through the application of an ecological theoretical account of child ill-treatment, The ecological paradigm is presently the most comprehensive theoretical account we have for understanding kid maltreatment ( Gallagher 2001 ; 76 ) . Such a position has by and large been derived from theory based on Bronfenbrenner s ( 1979 ) open uping work, in which he defines to which The ecology of human development involves the progressive, common adjustment between an active, turning human being and the altering belongingss of the immediate scenes this procedure is affected by dealingss between these scenes and b y the larger contexts in which these scenes are embedded . ( Sidebotham, 2001 ; 105 ) . The importance of an ecological point of view in the perceptual experience of maltreatment is, foremost, that it widens the boundaries of the unfavorable effects of ill-treatment on kids beyond merely the parent-child relationship to see the familial and societal context in which such maltreatment occurs. Second, the ecological theoretical account is transactional ; in the sense that it acknowledges the person and the immediate and broad influences as actively interacting with each other. However, it should be noted that this political orientation holds some restrictions in the sense that it would non look to account really good for kid sexual maltreatment. Any partner offing together of appositions signifiers of behavior as occurs with child maltreatment or child ill-treatment , is bound to ensue in some loss of specificity It would be foolish to believe that ecological theoretical accounts are the concluding word on kid maltreatment there is non individual solution to mistreat ( Gallagher 2001 ; 77 ) . Specific risky factors contribute to parents mistreating their kids. Although ill-treatment does non frequently occur without countable of these factors interacting in the same family at the same time. First, the hazard of maltreatment additions in any family exposed to important emphasis, irrespective if this emphasis arises from unemployment, poorness, neighbourhood force, a deficiency of societal support, or an particularly demanding baby ( CDC, 2006 ) . Bronfenbrenner s prevailing bed, or microsystem, refers to the coactions that occur within the kid s immediate environment. The kid s ain familial and societal features affect the wonts, behavior and forbearance of their equals, For illustration, a temperamentally boring baby could estrange their parents or even make clash between them that may be sufficient to damage their matrimonial relationship ( Belsky A ; Crnic, 1995 ) . Besides, the relationship between any two persons in the microsystem is likely to be influenced by the d ebut of a kid. Fathers, for illustration, clearly influence mother-infant interactions, merrily married female parents who have close supportive relationships with their hubbies tend to interact much more patiently and sensitively with their babies than female parents who experience matrimonial tenseness, small support from their partners, or experience that they are raising their kids on their ain ( Cox et al, 1992 ) . In respects to the accent on household, the impression to which a parent respects their competency and rates the public presentation of their parenting function is besides a relevant affair. Rearing competency has been noted as debatable among opprobrious parents ( Marsh A ; Johnston, 1990 ) and linked with increased maltreatment possibility. Whilst admiting that betterment of rearing capacity is an of import nonsubjective one must be cautious in reasoning that improved competence in rearing straight consequences in a decrease in child ill-treatment as observations on interactions based under experimental conditions seldom reflect in day-to-day life ( Gallagher,2001 ; 248 ) . Direct exposure to mistreat can hold a unsafe impact as abused kids tend to work less adaptively than their non-abused equals in many countries ( Cicchetti, Rogosch, 1993 ) . Harmonizing to Hipwell et Al ( 2008 ) Children in a lovingness and loving environment experience more secure in their immediate environments in respect to the microsystem, they develop greater assurance, are selfless and demo higher marks of being empathic. These kids are besides shown to hold larger IQ s throughout their schooling life, and demo lower degrees of choler and delinquent behavior. As Bronfenbrenners ecological theoretical account would show, higher grades of fondness can even buffer a kid against the negative deductions of otherwise unstable environments ( Bartley A ; Fonagy, 2008 ) . Several surveies of kids and teens turning up in hapless, unsafe vicinities show that the individual ingredient that most clearly distinguishes the lives of those who do non go delinquent from those who do is a high degree of maternal love ( McCdord, 1982 ) . The Mesosystem is the connexions or interrelatedness among such microsystems as places, schools, and equal groups. Bronfenbrenner argues that development will be increased by supportive and strong connexions between Microsystems. For illustration, kids who have instigated attached and unafraid relationships with parents have a inclination to be accepted by others and to hold near, supportive equals during their development ( Perry, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to McAdoo ( 1996 ) a kid s competency to larn in a schooling environment is dependent upon the quality of the instruction provided and besides the grade to which their parents place value upon instruction capital and how they interact with the instructor and vice-versa. However, this can besides impact negatively at this degree as when aberrant equal groups or friends of the kid devalue pedants, they will be given to sabotage that kid s school public presentation in malice of instructor and parents best attempts. Countable research has revealed that exposure to mistreat had a terrible negative impact upon a kid s academic operation. Schwab-Stone et Al ( 1995 ) concluded that as the consistence of ill-treatment increased this had a direct negative correlativity with academic public presentation. Likewise, Bowen ( 1999 ) found in a sample of over 2000 high school pupils that exposure to community and school force put restrictions on school attending, behavior and consequences. Warner and Weist ( 1999 ) revealed that kids from low income households who are informants to household and neighbourhood force demonstrated untypical symptoms of PTSD, anxiousness and depression. The symptoms continue upon the latter to include untypical projecting behaviors such as choler, inability to organize relationships and a diminution in academic public presentation. Surviving on a low income in a bad vicinity does non do it impossible to be the lovingness, fond parent of healthy, sociable kids. But it does, undeniably, do it more hard ( Utting, 1995, p. 40 ) . Children from low-income families may expose more behavioral problems than their better-off equals. However, harmonizing to Gorman-Smith ( 1998 ) household factors, including parenting patterns do non foretell kids s exposure to force. He suggests that other community factors instead than their household income will act upon and run on kids and those household factors are non powerful plenty to intercede or chair their effects. Such surveies have frequently found at that place to be an of import correlativity between communities in which citizens have described a high degree of community coherences and kids safety, with an addition in child maltreatment being linked with a negative sense of community individuality. Self-care has the most negative effects for kids in low-income vicinities with high offense rates ( Marshall et al, 1997 ) . Children who begin self-care at an early age are more vulnerable to older self-care kids in their communities who can damage or mistreat them. These kids are more likely to hold accommodation jobs in school and are more likely to utilize after-school with socially aberrant equals who do non value school and undergo condemnable activities. Predictably, so the positive effects of organised after school plans on academic accomplishment are greater for kids in low-income vicinities ( Mason A ; Chuang, 2001 ) . Bronfenbrenner s penultimate bed, or exosystem, consists of contexts that kids and their equals may non be cognizant although however will act upon their development. For illustration, parents work environments are an exosystem influence. Children s emotional relationships at place may be influenced well by whether or non their parents bask their work ( Greenberger, ONeal, A ; Nagel, 1994 ) . In a similar manner, kids s experiences in school may be influenced by their exosystem, by a societal integrating program taken on by the school council, or by occupation cuts in their community that consequence in a diminution in the school s gross. Negative impacts on development can besides ensue when the exosystem breaks down. For illustration, Sidebotham ( 2002 ) has shown that families that are affected by unemployment, hapless lodging and hapless societal webs are more likely to be involved in increased happenings of kid maltreatment. Whose remarks are justified following to Beeman ( 19 97 ) who concluded that a deficiency of societal support and a high consistence of negative attitudes towards available webs all contribute towards the opportunities of child ill-treatment. The bulk of the research on the impact of female parent s employment concludes towards a little positive influence on most kids ( Scott, 2004 ) . Children whose female parents are in employment are more confident and demo more esteem for their female parents in contrast to those female parents who do non work. The consequence of the female parents work on act uponing attitudes and consequences in school become less evident, with many surveies demoing no difference ( Gottfried, Bathurst, 1994 ) . Muller ( 1995 ) in his big survey on the latter subject distinguished a little but comprehendible negative difference on the consequence on maths consequences if that kid s female parent was in employment. However, this difference seemed to be based on the fact that female parents who do non work every bit much are less captive with their kid s work and are less likely to supervise the kid s work continuously after school, instead than from a durable shortage brought approximately by maternal employment in the early old ages. Therefore, working female parents who find ways to supply such supervising and who remain involved with their kids s schools have childs who do every bit good as kids whose female parents are housewifes. Research grounds intuitively shows that when a adult male becomes unemployed, it places a strain on his matrimony ; which in bend leads to an addition in matrimonial struggle and both female parent and male parent show more marks of depression. The effects of these struggles finally show the same features as households who are sing divorce ; both parents appear less consistent in their attitudes towards their kids, become less loving and less effectual at supervising them. Similarly, kids, in bend respond to this state of affairs as they would during their parents divorce by exhibiting a series of untypical behaviors which can include depression, choler or going involved in delinquent behavior. Harmonizing to Conger et Al ( 1992 ) , the likeliness of maltreatment at all degrees, shows an addition during times of families unemployment. However, harmonizing to Berger ( 2004 ) parents who are sing divorce but who have a supportive model and emotional support from friends are progressive ly more likely to supply a safe and fond environment for kids in comparing to those who are occupied in societal isolation. Gorman-Smith and Tolan ( 1998 ) , in their survey of the effects of divorce, did non happen that household construction and other familial influences had an independent engagement towards the anticipation of exposure to mistreat in comparing to that of other hazard factors such as the dislocation of traditional societal procedures in the community. Low income parents are characterised by lending towards their kid s untypical development as Evans ( 2004 ) concludes that parents of such a nature are less likely to pass on with their kids, pass less clip prosecuting with them in intellectually stimulating activities and in bend are harsher and more aggressive in their subject techniques. Not all kids follow the same development tracts and there are certain factors that influence their development. For illustration, kids below the poorness line are half as likely to remember the alphabet and have the ability to number by the clip they enter the first old ages of schooling. This developme nt harmonizing to Brooks-Gunn ( 1995 ) besides applies, and is maintained through to adolescence as older kids in poorness are twice every bit likely as their opposite numbers to reiterate a twelvemonth of school and are less likely to travel onto higher instruction. In maintaining with Bronfenbrenner s theoretical account, parental values on the best manner to cover with subject will be mostly in coherency with the larger civilization in which they reside. Harmonizing to Lockhart ( Ecology of Development ; 345 ) , by striking a kid it will normally halt the chid from reiterating the behavior. Although research grounds suggests that kids who are spanked, like kids who are abused at subsequently ages are less popular with their equals and demo higher degrees of aggression, lower self-pride, more emotional instability, higher rates of depression and hurt, and higher degrees of delinquency and subsequently criminalism ( Mostow A ; Campbell, 2004 ) . Bronfenbrenner s reasoning bed is that of a macrosystem which entails a wide, overarching political orientation in which the kid is embedded, and whose rules dictate how a kid should be treated and how subject should be distributed. These rules differ across macrosystems ( civilizations ) and sub-cultures and societal categories and can hold a direct influence on the types of experiences a kid will hold in all degrees of their ecological system. To mention one illustration, Belsky ( 1993 ) discusses how the incidence of kid maltreatment in households ( a microsystem experience ) is much lower in those civilizations ( or macrosystems ) that discourage physical penalty of kids and recommend nonviolent ways of deciding interpersonal struggle. Similarly Clarke ( 1997 ) revealed how at the degree of the macrosystem, a Government policy that ensures parents have the option to take paid or unpaid leave from their occupations to see to household affairs could supply a important intercession towards child abuse leting parents more free clip to detect their kid s development and decide troubles that may originate within their kid. The argument that encircles the environing links between civilization and kid maltreatment is a complex impression, which has resulted in a myriad of concerns. For case, recent statistics of kid ill-treatment has indicated that cultural minority kids are well more at hazard of maltreatment than their Caucasic opposite numbers ( U.S Department of Health, 2006 ) . However Lassiter ( 1987 ) has countered, demoing that these minorities may be over-represented to the relevant services. Lassiter argues that biased statistics do non take into consideration other act uponing factors such as socioeconomic position and the degree of schooling received. Without sing socioeconomic factors that may besides act upon the parent and kid, research hazards unwittingly reasoning that factors that addition abuse possible are because of race or ethnicity, or are cosmopolitan. The contextual hazard variable that looks to hold the biggest portion in calculating child ill-treatment is holding a household member who has besides been a direct victim of some signifier of old maltreatment. For illustration, A parent enduring from the emphasis of holding been victimised herself or holding another household member who has been victimised may be overwhelmed and more disturbed by the kid s behavior and may, hence, have a lower threshold for sing the kid s projecting behavior as debatable. Primary or cosmopolitan support targets the community as a whole, with generic enterprises, runs and community-based services that support parents and households without entry standards. Their purpose is to forestall jobs such as kid maltreatment and household dislocation ( Healy A ; Darlington, 1999 ) . MacMillan ( 1994 ) in depicting kid maltreatment intercessions found it necessary to separate between the differing signifiers of bar, including that of primary intercession to which he describes as any tactic that is provided to the general population or a sample of the general population or a sample of the general population to cut down the incidence of child ill-treatment ; , and secondary bar, early sensing of a status with the purpose of shortening the continuance of the upset , and third bar, prevention of return of ill-treatment and impairment ensuing from maltreatment . MacMillan farther explained the troubles in bar in respects to psychological and emotional ill-treatment, which accounts for a high figure of reported instances but trouble arises when grounds needs to be collated, and if emotional maltreatment is accepted as a signifier of maltreatment, so the differentiation between primary and secondary bar or so third bar becomes less clear. Osofsky ( 1995 ) in his research on primary bar has called for a countrywide run that would turn to to alter the attitudes toward ill-treatment and lower peoples tolerance of kid maltreatment. Support for an ecological attack to child public assistance is apparent in the Framework for the Assessment of Children and their Families ( Department of Health et Al, 2000 ) , which stresses the demand to see non merely the factors associating to the kid and their parents, but besides the wider context in which kids live when measuring their demands, admiting the impact of societal and community factors on kids s public assistance. This is besides justified through the Every Child Matters papers which refers to the construct of Making a positive part ; being involved with the community and society . Involving local communities in the bar of kid maltreatment was acknowledged by Nelson and Baldwin ( 2002 ) who asserted that the Every Child Matters theoretical account has the possible to affect communities enthusiastically in partnership with bureaus in placing jobs and seeking solutions and that the procedure can assist to construct communities which are more informed, cognizant and thoughtful about child protection . Although the presence of hazard factors, such as a hapless environment or unsupportive relationships with primary health professionals, or being looked after outside the household, increases the likeliness of a negative result for the person, surveies of competency and resiliency have shown that, irrespective of background, kids are by and large resourceful. Competence has been shown to be a mediating variable that predicts positive or negative results ( Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2001 ; 569 ) .

Socialist Feminism Definition and Comparisons

Socialist Feminism Definition and Comparisons The phrase socialist feminism was increasingly used during the 1970s to describe a mixed theoretical and practical approach to achieving womens equality. Socialist feminist theory analyzed the connection between the oppression of women and other oppressions in society, such as racism and economic injustice. The Socialist Basis Socialists had fought for decades to create a more equal society that did not exploit the poor and the powerless in the same ways that capitalism did. Like Marxism, socialist feminism recognized the oppressive structure of a capitalist society. Like radical feminism, socialist feminism recognized the fundamental oppression of women, particularly in a  patriarchal society. However, socialist feminists did not recognize gender and only gender as the exclusive basis of all oppression. Rather, they held and continue to hold that class and gender are symbiotic, at least to some degree, and one cannot be addressed without taking the other into consideration.   Socialist feminists wanted to integrate the recognition of sex discrimination within their work to achieve justice and equality for women, for working classes, for the poor and all humanity.   A Little History The term socialist feminism might make it sound as though the two concepts- socialism and feminism- are cemented together and intertwined, but this has not always been the case. Socialist Party leader Eugene V. Debs and Susan B. Anthony were at odds back in 1905, each of them supporting a different end of the spectrum. Decades later, Gloria Steinem suggested that women, and particularly younger women, were eager to throw their support behind socialist Bernie Sanders rather than Hillary Clinton, a concept that became evident in the 2016 national election when Sanders won 53 percent of the female vote in the New Hampshire primary in contrast to Clintons 46 percent. How Is Socialist Feminism Different? Socialist feminism has often been compared to cultural feminism, but they are quite different although there are some similarities. Cultural feminism focuses almost exclusively on the unique traits and accomplishments of the female gender in opposition to those of men. Separatism is a key theme, but socialist feminism opposes this. The goal of socialist feminism is to work  with  men to achieve a level playing field for both genders. Socialist feminists have referred to cultural feminism as pretentious.   Socialist feminism is also distinctly different from liberal feminism, although the concept of liberalism has changed over the early decades of the 21st century. Although liberal feminists seek equality of the sexes, socialist feminists do not believe that is entirely possible within the constraints of current society.   The focus of radical feminists is more on the root causes of inequalities that exist. They tend to take the position that sexual discrimination is the sole source of the oppression of women. However, radical feminism may be more closely related than some other forms of feminism are to socialist feminism.   Of course, all these types of feminism share similar and often identical concerns, but their remedies and solutions vary.

Impact and influence of The Harlem Renaissance Research Paper

Impact and influence of The Harlem Renaissance - Research Paper Example They helped each other in coming up with better ways of living to benefit their way of living to better standards. The Harlem Renaissance was a culture that cropped up in the early 1920’s and 1930’s, centered in Harlem neighborhood of New York City (Rampersad 2002, p 48). The group had many French speaking black writers from the African continent and some hailed from the Caribbean colonies. The black people had a considerable huge influence to the composition and recording of the music that was connected to the Harlem renaissance in the hood. At a point in time, the Harlem renaissance was also recognized as ‘new negro movement’ named after an anthology by Alain Locke. He was very influential and responsible for the smooth running of the association that made him be rewarded posthumously (Huggins 2007, p 37). There are plausible of the Harlem renaissance have lived longer after and extended its influence to today’s life especially in the music industr y. Previously, the crew had been involved in theatre plays that revealed utter opportunities that the people could use in expressing themselves in complex human emotions and characters. The plays were initiated majorly to give an outward and influential reasoning to the whole world to reduce the highly incumbent stereotype nature against the blacks and Negros. The Harlem renaissance went ahead to write poems that were especially linked to the way of life in the contemporary world that linked the behavior of Negros and their way of life in America. The African Americans developed a notion that they should help each other as they had been suffering for lots of years in slavery and forced labour. This idea made them look out for ways of deluding from the negativities in the society by discovering and enhancing their talents. Many people were talented in different aspects in their living and had to come up with ways of nurturing talent in different ways as long as it could better their living standards. This idea was psyched up by developers selling the Harlem rentals to many black people (New York times 1997, p. 931). Black people started owning real estates and in turn rented exclusively to fellow black people. They developed institutions and businesses to support themselves in their living. This in turn would develop their arrays of talents and ambitions, as they would use their interactions to increase their productivity in the music sector. The advocate of Harlem renaissance for racial equality created an advanced epicenter for their celebrity and became widely known in the whole region as it was among the largest known civil rights group in their headquarters. The movement discussed the problems facing the black community and in collaboration with prominent African American activists developed ways to face their challenges. Impacts of Harlem renaissance First of all, the Harlem renaissance helped in establishing a sense of community and empowerment for Afric an Americans in New York and extended to other parts of the United States. The group created avenues of exposing the African Americans to people in the region who had a vast experience in the different aspects and walks of life. The group transformed the largely segregated and racial American community and influenced meetings of black people with the white’

Population Density reserach paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Population Density reserach - Research Paper Example They choose a leader unanimously and look for guidance towards that group that they have chosen. The limited resources are not even much of a problem, as people will willingly give up a part of their share so as to help their own counterparts. The situation is quite under control in this case. The homogeneity makes it a gelling factor for the whole community to stick together even in adverse circumstances. If the population belongs to the same culture then comparably life becomes easier for people living there. In contrast if the population contains people of different culture there is always a war going on in which each culture is trying to supersede the other. There is constant conflict and each group strives to get power over the other. It has been seen that such groups have continuous struggle to gain the top position. Even there are constant fights and tussle for the resources. People tend to take more than required just so that the other person doesn’t get it. There is a constant war like situation and people try to get the better of each other and dominate the others to gain full authority. If there are many poor in the society then the situation worsens and people start worshipping some false person even to have their own selfish desires filled. This way they become more disoriented and lose the real purpose of their existence. It is really difficult to survive in a society that has a non-homogenous mix of people and majority of the people are poor. People tend to believe that life is a mess and the only way to survive is to fight their way through life. Survival of the fittest is the main concept here. While if there is a homogenous environment and the people are not poor at all, then again there are huge chances that peace will prevail (Baldassare, 1979). Today in AMERICA there are many minorities living. There is so much diversity in the culture that they are losing their own traditions. It has been observed that in areas where two to three di fferent minorities live strife is a norm. Some of the areas have become so dangerous those even policemen are scared to go there. At night the neighborhoods become small war stripes that people fear to tread. Even the areas near the neighborhoods are considered a difficult place to live. It has been seen that people who generally have low incomes live n these areas, but they face many troubles like small thefts, occasional muggings and sometime one or two knife fights. Usually the white kids also mix up with the kids from these areas and end up ruining their own lives (Baldassare, 1979). Sharing a living place with quite a lot many people and having limited resources is a difficult situation, it has happened quite many times with kids who have lost their parents, or ran away from their homes or even ran from their foster homes. There are many hygiene issues that come up with this kind of living and drug problems also arise. When I had to live in a college dorm, there were in total 7 people who were sharing it with me. They all belonged to different cultures so earlier there were quite a lot of hesitation among us, but gradually the barriers broke and we understood each other perfectly fine. We even started to cover for each other. It became a norm among us that once a month each one of us had to give others a treat. There were unspoken rules for never talking about your own roommate to others. Americans usually try to avoid such areas, and they try to move out of such areas as

Court Structure in Srilanka Essay Example for Free

Court Structure in Srilanka Essay The Supreme Court is the highest and final court of record, and exercises final civil and criminal appellate jurisdiction. Litigants who do not agree with a decision of the original court, be it civil, criminal, or Court of Appeal, may take the case before the Supreme Court, with permission from the Court of Appeal, or special permission from the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, however, will only agree to consider cases involving a substantial legal issue. The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and not less than six, and not more than ten, other judges. Cases that fall under the several jurisdictions of the Supreme Court are exercised, subject to provisions in the Constitution, by a bench of at least three judges of the Supreme Court. Thus different cases may be heard at the same time by several judges of the Supreme Court sitting apart. Appeals of decisions of a High Court Trial at Bar are heard by a Bench of five or more Supreme Court judges. The Constitution provides for temporary restrictions on fundamental rights if national security issues are involved. This determination and opinion of the Supreme Court should be by at least five judges of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, except for in the event of the Chief Justice’s recusal. The Chief Justice’s recusal will result in another judge of the Supreme Court taking the Chief Justice’s place. The Constitutional Council’s approval is not required if the appointment is for a period of less than 14 days. The age of retirement for Supreme Court judges is 65 years. COURT OF APPEAL The Court of Appeal is the first appellate court for decisions of all original courts and certain Tribunals. The Court of Appeal is composed of the President of the Court, and not less than six, and not more than eleven other judges. Many cases at the Court of Appeal are presided over by a single judge. The Court of Appeal hears appeals against judgments of the High Courts. It exercises appellate jurisdiction for the correction of errors in fact or in law at a High Court, or any Court of first instance, or Tribunal, or other Institution. In addition to the jurisdiction to affirm, reverse, correct, or modify a judgment, the Court of Appeal may give directions to a Court of first instance, Tribunal, or other Institution, or order a new trial, or order additional hearings as the Court of Appeal deems appropriate. â€Å"Even when there is no right of appeal from a particular court or tribunal, [the Court of Appeal] can exercise [its] powers of ‘revision’ and quash the original court’s or tribunal’s order [based on] an error of law apparent [in] the record.† 1The Court of Appeal, if appropriate, also has the authority to issue a ‘stay order’ and suspend proceedings in a lower court until the revision application is heard and determined. The Court of Appeal also has the authority to receive and admit new evidence additional, or supplementary, to evidence already recorded in a court of first instance. Appeals of judgments, sentences and orders at a High Court Trial at Bar are forwarded directly to the Supreme Court by virtue of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, No.21 of 1988. The Court of Appeal, in exercising its power to examine and reverse a judgment of any court of first instance, has the authority to examine any record of any court of first instance. The Court exercises jurisdiction to grant writs of habeas corpus in order to bring before the Court a person who has to be dealt with according to the law, or to bring before the Court a person illegally or improperly detained in public or private custody. Court of Appeal cases are now published in Sri Lanka Law Reports. As of October 2012, Court of Appeal cases from 1809 through 2005 are accessible online. See section on Cases, Bills, and Acts. HIGH COURTS Trials at a High Court are conducted by the State (Sri Lanka), through the Attorney-General’s Department. The Attorney-General’s Department prosecutes on behalf of the State. Murder trials and various offenses against the State are tried at the High Court; other criminal offenses are tried at a Magistrate’s Court. While some High Court trials will have a jury, some trials will not have a jury. The types of cases that require a jury are provided in the Second Schedule of the Judicature Act No.2 of 1978. Also, the Attorney-General has the authority to determine whether a case that does not fall into a category provided in the Second Schedule of the Judicature Act No.2 of 1978 should nonetheless have a jury. The Penal Code stipulates the types of cases argued in a High Court: â€Å"The Penal Code defines most of the criminal offenses known to our law. And the Code of Criminal Procedure Act. No: 15 of 1979 sets out which of these offenses [can be tried] by each court [High Court and Magistrate’s Court].† The High Court is composed of not less than ten and not more than forty judges. This Court sits in 16 provinces in the country (16 High Courts). Judges of the High Court are appointed by the President of the Republic on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, and in consultation with the Attorney-General. The President of the Republic, acting on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, exercises authority in disciplinary matters concerning the High Court judges. The President may terminate the service of a High Court judge on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. The Judicial Service Commission (JSC) was established by the enactment of Article 111D of the Constitution, incorporated by the 17th Amendment, which became effective on October 3, 2001. The JSC is composed of the Chief Justice (as Chairman) and two other judges of the Supreme Court appointed by the President of the Republic. The age of retirement for High Court judges is 61. 4. DISTRICT COURTS District Courts are the Courts of first instance for civil cases. District Courts have jurisdiction over all civil cases not expressly assigned to the Primary Court or a Magistrate’s Court. Sri Lanka has 54 judicial districts. Every District Court is a court of record and is vested with unlimited original jurisdiction in all civil, revenue, trust, insolvency and testamentary matters, other than issues that are assigned to any other court by law. Certain specific civil issues handled by the District Courts include: i. Cases related to ownership of land. ii. Action by landlords to eject tenants. iii. Action to recover debts of more than Rs. 1,500. iv. Action in connection with trademark and patent rights, and infringement of copyright laws. v. Claims for compensation of more than Rs. 1, 500 for injuries caused by negligence. vi. Divorce cases (Formerly, divorce cases were handled by the now defunct Family Courts). Judges of the District Courts are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission (See section on High Courts for information on the JSC). The JSC has the power to dismiss and maintain disciplinary control over the District Court judges. The retirement age for District Court judges, generally, is 60 years. 5. MAGISTRATE’S COURTS The Magistrate’s Courts are established under the Judicature Act, No.2 of 1978. Each Judicial division has one Magistrate’s Court, and there are 74 judicial divisions in Sri Lanka. Each Magistrate’s Court is vested with original jurisdiction over criminal offenses (other than offenses committed after indictment in the High Court.) In cases involving criminal law, the Magistrate’s Courts and the High Court are the only Courts with primary jurisdiction. The respective domains of these Courts are detailed in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Appeals from these courts of first instance may be made to the Court of Appeal and, under certain circumstances, to the Supreme Court, which exercises final appellate jurisdiction. The vast majority of the nation’s criminal cases are tried at the Magistrate’s Courts level, which forms the lowest level of the judicial system. Cases may be initiated at a Magistrate’s Court by any police officer or by anyo ne else making an oral or written complaint to the Magistrate. The Magistrate is empowered to make an initial investigation of the complaint, and to determine whether his or her Court has proper jurisdiction over the matter, whether the matter should be tried by the High Court, or whether the matter should be dismissed. If it is determined that the Magistrate’s Court has the proper jurisdiction over the matter, the prosecution may be conducted by the complainant (plaintiff), or by an officer of the Government, including the Attorney-General, the Solicitor-General, a state counsel, or any officer of any national or local government office. At the trial, the accused has the right to call and cross-examine witnesses. Trials are conducted without a jury, and the verdict and sentence are given by the Magistrate. Any party in a case who is in disagreement with a judgment has the right to appeal the judgment, on any point of law or fact, at the Court of Appeal. If the police decide not to institute criminal proceedings in a Magistrate’s Court, the complainant has the option of filing a private plaint, and the complainant may retain an attorney for this purpose. As indicated earlier, while murder trials and various offenses against the State (Sri Lanka) are tried in a High Court, other criminal offenses are tried in a Magistrate’s Court. The Penal Code defines which court, a Magistrate’s Court or a High Court, has the necessary jurisdiction (Code of Criminal Procedure Act No.15 of 1979). If a new offense is codified by law, for instance the Prevention of Terrorism Act, the relevant statute will indicate the manner of trial. The Magistrate’s Courts are ordinarily empowered to impose the following sentences: A fine of up to Rs. (rupees) 1,500.00, and/or two years of rigorous or simple imprisonment, unless special provisions vest the Magistrate’s Courts with the power to impose higher penalties. Magistrates are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC), and the Commission exercises disciplinary oversight over the judges, including the power of dismissal (See section on High Courts for information on the Judicial Service Commission). The retirement age for Magistrate’s Court judges, generally, is 60 years. 6. PRIMARY COURTS Each Primary Court is vested with the following jurisdictions: I. Original civil jurisdiction over cases involving debt, damages, demands, or claims that do not exceed Rs. 1,500. Ii. Enforcement of by-laws by local authorities and disputes relating to recovery of revenue by these local authorities. iii. Exclusive criminal jurisdiction over cases relating to offenses â€Å"prescribed† by regulation by the Justice Minister. iv. Offenses in violation of the provisions of any Parliamentary Act, or subsidiary legislation, that is related to jurisdiction vested in the Primary Courts. The Primary Courts are established under the Judicature Act, No.2 of 1978. There are seven Primary Courts: One each in Anamaduwa, Angunukolapelessa, Kandy, Mallakam, Pilessa, Wellawaya and Wennappuwa. In all other divisions, the Magistrate’s Court exercises the jurisdiction of the Primary Courts. Requests for revision of orders made by a Primary Court are handled by the High Court in that province. All Primary Court judges are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC), which is also vested with the power of dismissal of the Primary Court judges (See section on â€Å"High Courts† for information on the JSC). Generally, the retirement age for Primary Court judges is 60. 7. MEDIATION BOARDS The mediation Boards Act of 1995 and subsequent amendments govern these mediation aspects. The Minister has power to set up Mediation Boards and set the areas that will come under such mediation boards. Commercial mediations are reality now in SL.Arbitration ; Is also another form of dispute resolution . Arbitration Act of 1995 and subsequent amendments govern the procedureTribunals- Labour Tribunal established under industrial Disputes Act provides provisions for the employees to institute action against employers.Agricultural Tribunals established under the Agrarian Services Act of 1979 enables settling disputes as to cultivation and related matters.Read Judicature Act , Constitution of Sri Lanka , Books on Legal System about Sri Lanka for further details. Visit website of Minisrty of Justice as well to get current information 8. OTHER COURTS AND TRIBUNALS The other courts include the Kathi Court, the special tribunal that adjudicates on matrimonial matters relating to Muslims. Buddhist ecclesiastical matters that fall under the purview of the Buddhist Temporalities Ordinance of 1931 are heard by the ordinary courts. Disciplinary matters pertaining to Buddhist clergy are handled by religious councils which are under the authority of the Buddhist priests themselves. There are numerous administrative tribunals, such as the Inland Revenue Board of Appeal, The Workmen’s Compensation Tribunals, Labor Tribunals, the Board of Appeal under the Factories Ordinance, Tribunals under Agricultural Productivity Law, Labor Tribunals under the Wages Board Ordinance, etc. Most decisions of these tribunals can be appealed at the Court of Appeal; when regarding a substantial question of law, the decision of the Court of Appeal may be taken up at the Supreme Court. REFERNCE âž ¢ http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/sri_lanka.htm âž ¢ http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/srilanka/legalsystem.html âž ¢ http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Sri-Lanka-JUDICIAL-SYSTEM.html#ixzz2KPq331RT

Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Zoot Suit† by Luis Valdez Based on the infamous 1942 â€Å"Sleepy Lagoon† murder mystery and the resulting â€Å"Zoot Suit Riots† in Los Angeles , playwright Luis Valdez weaves fact and fiction to depict the fate of 22 young Mexican Americans brought to trial for a murder they did not commit. â€Å"Zoot Suit† brings together unforgettable characters such as the irreverent El Pachuco and the charismatic Henry Reyna, an unsuspecting gang leader who finds himself caught in the middle of the racially turbulent events that rocked Los Angeles during the early 1940s. Valdez says this production exemplifies the evolution of American society. â€Å"The essence about the American experience is about cultural fusion,† Valdez says. â€Å"’Zoot Suit’ has influences that were brought on during the evolution of jazz, when you saw African American talent mixed with the American experience. The Hispanic influence is amplified through the story, style and attitude, which are really influences that every culture can relate with.† Created by playwright Luis Valdez, â€Å"Zoot Suit† made its world premiere in 1978 at the Mark Taper Forum where it ran for an unprecedented twelve-weeks. â€Å"Zoot Suit† broke all attendance records at the Taper and subsequently moved to the larger Aquarius Theatre in Hollywood to accommodate audience demand. Coinciding with the Hollywood run, this critically acclaimed production opened on Broadway in 1979. In 1981, Valdez adapted â€Å"Zoot Suit† for the screen and then directed the Golden Globe...

How to Make Ferrero Rocher Chocolate

Making own sweets is so much fun, and looks impressive for very little effort. There’s no baking involved in this recipe just a little chopping, rolling and melting and the process is pretty therapeutic. Once got the hang of it so can experiment a little too try coating or drizzling them with dark chocolate. The quantities provided below should make about thirty chocolates, taking into consideration the fact that a fair amount of mixture may disappear as make them up. Ingredients: 20g Hazelnuts 200g Nutella 70g Ice cream wafers 250g Good quality milk chocolate Method: Preheat the oven to 175 degrees Celcius. Spread the hazelnuts on a baking tray and toast for 10 minutes, shaking once half way through. Remove from the oven, leave to cool then rub vigorously in a kitchen towel to remove as much of the papery skins as possible. Put 30 whole hazelnuts to one side, then finely chop the rest. Put the Nutella in a small bowl and stir in half of the chopped nuts.Pop in the fridge to f irm up around one hour. Line a plate with baking parchment or tinfoil. Chop the ice cream wafers and mix with the remaining chopped nuts. Remove the Nutella mixture from the fridge and, working quickly, roll small teaspoons of the mixture into balls, pushing a whole hazelnut to the centre of each one. Roll each ball in the mixture of chopped nuts and wafer until fully coated then pop onto your prepared plate and freeze until firm around one hour.Melt the milk chocolate gently in a bain marie then allow to cool to room temperature. Remove your chocolate balls from the freezer and, working quickly, drop a ball into the melted chocolate, coating completely. Because the balls are part frozen, the chocolate should firm up around them almost instantly. Repeat with the remaining balls then transfer to the fridge to set completely. Once set, place the chocolates in individual gold wrappers, stack into a pyramid and give the Ambassador a call.

Freedom of Speech: Abused from Abroad Essay

The constitution was designed to protect us from tyranny and abuse by government and dictators. Our policies need to protect us from those that would slander a segment or our population. Foreign hate groups direct their views to those protected by the same document that affords them their right to post. Freedom of Speech: Abused from Abroad The first amendment protects the rights of Americans to have free speech even if that speech is hate speech but it should not be used to protect foreign hate speech just because it is hosted on an American server. The First Amendment really does distinguish the U. S. not just from Canada but from the rest of the Western world. (Liptak, 2008) Given the nearly unanimous international institution of regulations restricting online hate speech, the United States stands alone in its support of free speech—including Internet hate speech. (Breckheimer, 2011) These are good examples of our first amendment and how it is perceived across the globe. We are known for our liberal view of free speech protections and based on our history of oppression by monarchs and the purpose for us to seek a new land to call our own it fits our nation well to have such an amendment in place to protect the rights of our citizens. I feel that this very right is being abused by foreign hate groups who not only direct their rhetoric towards others in their own countries but also towards U. S. Citizens who are being protected by the very document that allows them to be harassed from afar. Many countries that we consider our allies have laws that prohibit hate speech and they level severe penalties upon those who break these laws. I support the right to free speech for every American as accorded by the first amendment. I do not support providing that same right to those who are not Americans and do not hold themselves to the same values that we Americans hold ourselves to. Free speech is just one of the things that make Americans unique in the world. To claim the right of first amendment free speech you need to be an American citizen. Our first amendment was not meant to be used as a shield for foreign dissidents wishing to bypass their countries laws. As a world citizen the United States needs to make certain that we respect each country for it rules and regulations as we would wish them to respect ours. We need to change our foreign policy to reflect the fact that our constitution was meant for Americans and not for the world. To allow foreign groups to host their messages on our servers even if we agree with their message shows that we as a nation do not respect the governing body of the nation and it’s laws. We should be extra vigilant to protect our citizens from the ranting’s of foreign hate groups. The first amendment was meant to protect the citizens of the United States and not those wishing to belittle and malign its citizens. Paul Przybylski wrote that because many servers, and especially those that spread hate speech content, are stationed within the United States, any solution without U.

5 Ingredients to Make your Blog Rock by EssaySupply.com

5 Ingredients to Make your Blog Rock 5 Ingredients to Make your Blog Rock Blogs are hard to maintain, that’s for sure. You have to constantly come up with new ideas for topics, and that’s just the beginning. Then you have to actually write them, while you deal with writer’s block, all sorts of other demands on your time, and the fact that you would like to have some sort of life beyond your business and writing. But a blog is an essential part of your branding and growth, so you have to do it right. If your blog is currently suffering from the â€Å"blahs,† does not seem to be attracting new follower and/or, even worse, is losing readership, than you have to make some big changes. Here are 5 essential ingredients for every blog post you publish. Great Title and First Line The title is what will pique an interest. It will need to indicate that you are going to solve a problem or entertain your reader. Some of the best titles, according to analytics, will include the following: They will indicate that there is a list of things – look at this title, for example They will indicate a â€Å"How To,† so the reader knows she is going to learn something They will ask a question that points to a problem they typical readers may have They will indicate that a great story is about to be told The first line is short and sweet – it gives a startling fact, points to â€Å"pain† of the reader, generates an immediate emotion, and so forth. It is what engages the reader and wants him/her to read on. If you have a landscaping company, for example, and you are writing a post on mole abatement, for example, you might begin a post with something like, â€Å"A mole has invaded my territory.† Or, even better, â€Å"I feel like the movie Caddyshack is re-playing in my back yard.† The reader is going to get a personal, probably humorous story about your battle with moles and then some good information on how to get rid of them. Lots of Media There is no excuse for not have photos, clip art, infographics, and even videos in your posts today. They are so easy to generate with all sorts of free tools, and images are available all over the web (just be sure to give credit). Any YouTube video can be edited and clipped and turned into a GIF file in 3 easy steps. When a reader looks at a post and sees only text, s/he will tend to bounce; media strategically placed throughout the post, however, will motivate the reader to stay. Have a Clear Purpose What are you trying to accomplish with this post? Are you featuring a customer or a team member? Are you writing about the latest charity event in which you and your team participated? Are you writing to solve a problem that you realize people have? Are you explaining how to do something? Or are you just writing to entertain today? Don’t combine purposes – it confuses the reader. Instead, write two separate posts. The Sharing Factor If you have not given your readers the opportunity to share, comment, or ask a question, you have failed. Think about it. What is the purpose of a blog anyway? It is to spread your brand and to develop lasting relationships with your readers. This only happens when your readers take some action. So have those sharing buttons easily found and prominent; have the ability for them to respond right then and there. Make it Scannable Having media to break up text is great. But the text has to be broken up too. Use sub-headings in bold and bullet points whenever possible. Remember, if you want to write essay pieces, you should take a college class. Short, sweet, broken up – that’s the rule for text. There you have it – 5 things that will turn you blog into a place where people want to come.

What Are Some Part Time Jobs You Can Do From Home

What Are Some Part Time Jobs You Can Do From Home you see the ads all the time online: work from home! many thousands of dollars! never leave your couch! if, like some of us, your dream job involves working while you watch old sitcoms in the background and wear your ugliest, comfiest slippers, pitches like those can be awfully tempting. the trick is deciding ahead of time what might be a genuine opportunity for a flexible career, and what’s likely to be a giant scam sandwich. 1. why seek part time jobs you can do from home?2.  what are your options?3.  how about the freelance life?4.  beware of scamswhy seek part time jobs you can do from home?there are tons of reasons why you might want a job that allows you to be at home, or has a flexible schedule.you’re a parent or a caregiver, and being away from home 40-50 hours a week just isn’t feasible.you’ve just moved someplace new, and need to pay bills while you look for a more traditional full-time job.you need better work-life balance than you’ ve gotten from traditional jobs.you work well under your own initiative, and want the independence of your own work space.you’re on a specific career path that doesn’t necessarily jibe with your current location, because most of the jobs in your industry are elsewhere.your experience is in a field that can be conducted via phone or email from anywhere (sales, marketing, etc.).you want a second job that can be done in your off hours. whether you’re looking to find part-time work that you can do flexibly, or a career stepping stone, you’re part of a growing group that wants to create opportunities outside of the usual. companies, too, are starting to realize that having a flexible workforce can be cheaper and more convenient, and lets them find employees who bring skills to the table, but might not be available for a brick-and-mortar location.what are your options?some industries lend themselves to flexible work arrangements better than others. for example, if you’re a nurse, you kind of need to be there in person to treat patients. but if you’re a medical billing manager, you might not need to be there in person. according to forbes, some of the top industries that are offering remote work opportunities include:healthcaresalesmarketingphilanthropy/fundraisinginformation technologyeducation (tutoring, online learning)the internet (and the resulting boom in telecommunications) has really broadened everyone’s horizons about what’s possible outside of the traditional office/cubicle†¦these days, it’s almost as easy to â€Å"attend† a meeting in beijing as it is to attend a meeting in your boss’s office. programs like skype, google hangouts, and webex make it easy to collaborate with colleagues all over the country and world- so why not extend that to people looking to work from home?although the standard model (the in-person, 40-hour work week) is still the career template for most ind ustries, companies are starting to see the advantages of having a flexible, location-agnostic staff. some of the top companies that offer remote work opportunities include biggies like apple, u.s. government agencies, salesforce.com, insurance companies, online universities, and it companies.traditionally, many of these work-from-home jobs have been phone-based, where companies have you perform customer service or make cold calls from your own location. the majority of the jobs still fall into this category, but now they’re increasingly including behind-the-scenes work online, or jobs where you can chat with clients or coworkers via video.how about the freelance life?if you’re looking for a side hustle or part-time work to tide you over for a period of time, you might want to look at becoming a freelancer, or contract worker. freelancing can be great if you have a  very specific sets of skills, and are disciplined enough to set your own work agenda and timelines. it also allows you to take things on a project basis, rather than a set commitment to a job with specific parameters. according to entrepreneur, careers that work well with freelancing include:accountant/bookkeeperappraiserchefcomputer programmercorporate event plannerdata entry/processoreditor/copyeditor/proofreaderengineerestheticianfinancial plannerfundraiserfurniture restorer/repairergrant writergraphic designerinterior designerlandscape architectmassage therapistmedical administration/billingpackage designparty plannerphotographerpolitical consultantprivate investigatorprofessional organizersalespersonseamstresstelemarketertranslator/interpretertutorupholstererweb designerwriterthese are all jobs that require special skill sets, but not necessarily a full-time commitment. if you do go the freelance route, it’s a more challenging road than many part-time opportunities, because you need to go out and rustle up clients, examples of your work, and a process for payment and payi ng taxes. but if you have an entrepreneurial spirit, and want to create your own part-time job opportunities, it could e the way to go.beware of scamsrule of thumb: if it sounds too good to be true (stop me if you’ve heard this one), it probably is. if you learned about this great new opportunity in the comments section of your favorite website, approach it with a healthy dose of skepticism. especially if the â€Å"ad† doesn’t tell you what the job is, and is riddled with spelling and grammar issues.***my roommate’s cousin makes $8000 a week for six 6 hours of work at home!!! she used to be broke, and now she’s hanging out with oprah. click here for your ticket to $$$$!!***scam. walk away. always do your own research. legitimate job listings will tell you:the company you’d be working foran outline of what the job islegit contact informationthe safest way to approach this is to search for jobs yourself, rather than take bait left in crumbs ar ound the internet. whenever you do come across a listing that sounds promising, google the heck out of it to see what others are saying about it.jobs that should set off your alarm bells:mystery/secret shopper jobs, which pay you to visit stores and give feedback. i know at least one person who does occasional mystery shopping jobs, but the shady job offers outnumber genuine positions by a crazy amount. you should do a lot of online research first to make sure that it’s a legitimate company.job offers that arrive mysteriously in your email inbox, from an address you don’t recognize. (as opposed to outreach emails that might come to you through linkedin or other social media.)any job that requires you to invest money up front.any job that doesn’t offer direct contact information.scam jobs are a huge cottage industry for people with nefarious motives, and plenty of smart and savvy people can be taken in by a listing that sounds great at a time when you really need or want a convenient part-time job with little time investment and big rewards. this is especially true for sites like craigslist, where there are legitimate jobs sprinkled in with the scam listings. vigilance and information are your best allies here. via real ways to earn money onlinethe temptation is real, but again- job listings that sound suspiciously perfect but don’t offer a lot of follow-up information are not likely to be that shining unicorn of a career. let your instincts be your guide, but always, always verify with as much information as you can find. it’s great to have an internet-wide net for your potential new job, but it’s important to take advantage of said internet to make sure that you’re not falling prey to some evil plan. doing this due diligence can also help you make sure that you’re not doing something illegal, because if you’re signed on to a job that runs afoul of the law, you may find that your new â€Å"company † is nowhere to be found.if anything makes you feel uncomfortable at any point in the process of looking for or starting a new part-time/work-from-home job, trust that instinct, and don’t feel like you need to continue down that path.part-time jobs that let you work from home can be a godsend if you have a lifestyle that falls outside of the traditional 9-to-5 mold. it can be a way to maintain while you’re looking for the next phase of your career, or it can be a way to mold your career around other obligations in your life. as long as you approach the process with the same initiative and critical thinking as you’d apply for the traditional job search, then you’re likely to find some really great opportunities. good luck!

American and Chinese Business Ethic Culture Essay

American and Chinese Business Ethic Culture - Essay Example The USA corporate receives numerous and strong incentives to promote adherence to the business ethics and corporate code of conduct from the government. Thus, the USA corporate has the high tendency of establishing ethic programs based on the existing government legal framework, thus making the American ethical culture excessively legalistic (Ardichvili, Jondle & Kowske, 2009). The overall effect of the excessively legalistic American ethical culture is that the American business environment is less flexible, thus creating little room for interpreting rules more loosely based on the situations and the relationships involved. In this respect, ethics does not play an important role in the American business environment, since it is simply geared towards legal compliance (Ardichvili, Jondle & Kowske, 2009). Nevertheless, the American business ethical culture benefits the wider population, due to the creation of a universally and equitable ground for establishing and running the business, by limiting the extent to which the unethical business conduct such as corruption can persist in this business environment. On the other hand, the Chinese business culture is defined by a stronger and dominant ethical dimension, as opposed to strict compliance with the law. The Chinese business culture is largely defined by the need to ‘preserve face’, which then means that many illegal business tendencies are overlooked for the sake of presenting the Chinese business environment as friendly and accommodative.