Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management Essay

Chapter 1 I. Introduction A. General Statement to the Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management on selected scholars of Adamson University 1. Profile of the Selected Scholars B. Statement of the problem ( How can they cope up with the demands of their respective courses? C. Objectives of the study D. Relevance of the study E. Definition of terms Chapter 2 II. Survey of Related Literature A. Foreign studies 1. Working Students/Student Assistants 2. Scholars B. Local Studies 1. Working Students/Student Assistants 2. Scholars Chapter 3 III. Methods on how to measure effectiveness of time and financial management A. Results of Survey/Questionnaire to the Selected Scholars of Adamson University 1. Graphical Representation 2. Analysis of the results IV. Conclusion Chapter 3 Methods on how to measure Effectiveness of Time and Financial Management The researchers chose 7 different scholars to conduct a survey about the chosen topic. Most of the respondents came from student assistant’s category and the others came from the category of academic scholars. These scholars were given scholarships from Ozanam Study Grant Program and Megaworld Foundation. On the range of their ages, 17-22 years old were the students who were given an opportunity they wanted to have. The scholars being interviewed have a daily allowance of more or less 150 pesos. On the Graph 1.1 being shown below are some of the expenses of the following students. Graph 1.1 A little number of respondents said that they stay in boarding houses that cost them Php 1,600 to Php 1,700. Literally, the cost was being solved by their parents. 3 out of 7 students said that both of their parents are self-employed. 1 respondent said that his/her parents run a business and another corresponds to unemployed parents. The rest of the students match up on other answers like their father/mother neither is an overseas Filipino worker, a tricycle driver, a plain housewife nor was deceased. Researchers proceed to the monthly income of their parents in able to measure the financial background of each and every respondent. Graph 1.2 illustrates the possible monthly income of the parents of these learners. Graph 1.2 As you can see, there is an equality of 14,000 and lower and 15,000-20,000 income. It is based on the survey being conducted by the researchers and from the occupation of their parents. On the part of their financial management, they spent the biggest part of their allowance for their food (50%) followed by their transportation and some other expenses. This shows that food is very important especially for the scholars like them. Food is an essential and they must not ignore because of the responsibilities they have in the university. The primary reason of the pupils asked in preferring themselves in being a scholar of Adamson University is that because they wanted to help their parents in decreasing the expenses. In this reason, an individual can determine that financial or money matters are the first basis in order for them to have financial management. Other reasons are for them to gain independency. The effectiveness of financial management is measured by proper usage of money and thinking a creative way of using up money.  The researchers also find ways on evaluating time supervision of scholars. Because of a more number of student assistants being interviewed, most of their time is allotted on their duties. Here is Graph 1.3 that shows how long an ordinary scholar uses his /her time in the university. Graph 1.3 Take a look of the graph that has been illustrated by the researchers. Student D and F are academic scholars. According to the information gathered from the survey, these students are academic scholars. As academic scholars, their worlds are focused on studying. They usually spend time in resting, studying and even have a time for leisure. On the other hand, the remaining students (A, B , C and E) make use of their time in duties and offices. Equalizing time in each activity of a student like them is not easy to do. Like on the Graph 1.3, student assistants are divided in different opinions. Some of them were able to balance their time and others cannot. Same answer was derived by academic scholars. However, they also answered it depends on the situation. Situations are unpredictable and make equalization of time in different planned activities. Somehow, all of them have a time for rest and have a break after long hours from school. Lastly, as a scholar, grade is the most important or basis in acquiring scholarships. Grades of these scholars are not affected by activities being done in school. Therefore, these learners have a good strategic measures in managing their time and studies. Chapter 4 Conclusion Based on the presented and interpreted data above, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. That most of the scholars spend their money more on food  for it is an essential need. 2. That most of the scholars wanted to help their parents to reduce the number of expenses. 3. That most of the scholars allot their time to school by doing different duties but assures that grades of them will not be affected. Chapter 2 Survey of Related Literature

Kraft’s Acquisition of Cadbury Essay

The Kraft Foods Group Inc. (â€Å"Kraft†) operates in the food and beverage industry. Kraft is the U.S.’s #1 food company and #2 in the world (after Nestlà ©) in sales according to Hoover’s 2009. Their competitive advantages are: global scale [distribution around 150 countries, (LexisNexis, 2012)]; modern technology, equipment and R&D (â€Å"Kraft deploys SAP Tech. platform†, 2008); their partnerships with companies like AOL TWX, Rainforest Alliance, etc. (â€Å"Kraft Foods partners with Rainforest Alliance on sustainable coffee initiative†, 2009); and their supply chain (www.pincsolutions.com/kraft-foods, 2012). These advantages can attribute Kraft’s Net Profit Margin of 10.08%, compared to the industry’s average of 5.37% (Hoover’s, 2012). On the other hand, Cadbury is a confectionery and is the industry’s second-largest globally after Mars (Gray, 2009) and the company operates in approx. 50 countries worldwide. Their capabilities, brand popularity and innovation represent their main competitive advantages (â€Å"Using Open Innovation to Ensure Competitive Advantage†, 2010). With the acquisition, Cadbury will benefit from Kraft’s scale (Birchall & Wiggins, 2009), their distribution in emerging markets (Elms, â€Å"Kraft and Cadbury) and their marketing muscle (English, 2009), which will result in a faster growth for Cadbury. Kraft will benefit by diversifying even more on related business (they already own Toblerone, Nutter Butter, etc,) and also from Cadbury’s capabilities (brand, innovation, know-how, etc.) that will likely represent as an additional source of value creation for Kraft. Together the companies will surely impair the competition: for example the termination of Hershey’s license to make and sell the Cadbury brands in the U.S. (30% of total sales, Hoover’s, 2008). Currently Kraft if facing two major issues, and they are: – The acquisition only makes sense if Kraft can obtain a return on investment capital bigger than the cost of capital within a reasonable timeframe. – The competition with Nestle, Hershey and Mars. The recommendations are the following: Kraft should boost the growth and profitability of Cadbury by exploiting their scale, marketing potential, placing in emerging markets and partnerships, as they did with Post cereals in 2008 (Hoover’s, 2009). Additionally on the functional level, Cadbury’s legal department should terminate Hershey’s license to sell and distribute their products in the U.S. and transfer this licenses to Kraft. Kraft should also take advantage of the Cadbury acquisition (diversifying on related business) and this should result in the creation of additional value for Kraft, resulting in a competitive advantage vs. competitors (Nestlà ©, Mars, etc.). A â€Å"tapered† integration of Cadbury is reasonable: selling the distribution rights to competitors in the markets where Kraft is not present (43 countries); at the same time Kraft should exploit the exclusive distribution and fabrication rights for Cadbury’s products where they are present.

Creating Climates for Learning for Diverse Learners Essay

In the case of Pon, it makes sense that his behavior and learning problems do stem from the fact that he is different from his peers. In his age group, it is usually the case that being different results to being discriminated against (Rogers, 2004). Rather than forcing the child to â€Å"fit in† with his classmates, it would be more appropriate to channel his differences to positive learning experiences. Activities that promote the showcasing of individual differences such as â€Å"show and tell†, or â€Å"talent shows† may be incorporated to allow the class to express their ideas and make each other see how different they are from one another. In discovering their differences, each member of the class would realize that being different is not such a bad thing. These activities would make Pon feel more confident about his unique identity and make his classmates appreciate him more. Once his classmates are able to see that Pon also has talents that he can share with the class, there will be a greater possibility that his peers would interact with him. In the case of Araceli, her limited English speaking skills can truly be a source of personal frustration and depression. In order to combat these dangers, her teachers should provide opportunities for her to appreciate her speaking abilities in Spanish. This can be done by asking her to join speech competitions in Spanish. While her language teachers should remind her about the importance of learning English, they should also applaud her for her fluency in Spanish and inform her that Spanish itself is a major language. In both cases, it is important that teachers do not make the mistake of affirming student differences as negative traits. Teachers should help students celebrate their individual differences in order to build their self-esteem and make them more comfortable with the learning environment. Reference Rogers, J. (2004). Pedagogy: A Multicultural approach 3rd Edition. NY:

Critically review literature relating to leadership styles for your Essay

Critically review literature relating to leadership styles for your own nation and two other nations of your choice, considering - Essay Example This is due to the fact that such differences influence how employees view their leaders, the kind of attitude they have towards work, their expectations, as well as other significant issues. Leadership across cultures therefore calls for cultural adaptability on the part of managers, since managerial work gets more complex across cultures. According to Deal and Prince, â€Å"cultural adaptability is the willingness and ability to recognise, understand, and work effectively across cultures† (2011, n.p.). Cultural adaptability therefore supports that despite the fact that management across cultures is a complex task, success can be attained through satisfaction of the diverse employees, achievement of goals, and completion of tasks. Managers who want to be successful in a global environment are therefore called to embrace cultural adaptability as a value. This paper reviews leadership across Thailand, the United Kingdom (UK), and Germany focussing on how managers from Thailand may need to change their leadership style, when working in subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and Germany. ... rs, Nardon, and Sanchez-Runde point out that the challenges faced by managers leading in a multicultural environment include lack of clarity on which culture to follow and maintain, the challenge of coming across many cultures within a short time making it difficult to learn about them due to time constraints, and the event of multicultural encounters taking place virtually through video conferencing and computers rather than through physical interactions (2013). Lack of clarity on which culture to embrace mostly takes place if an international project team, comprises of individuals from different cultures. Melkman and Trotman also support that â€Å"in large multi-national companies, young managers will often find themselves working in virtual teams with colleagues from all over the world, sometimes without ever meeting face to face† (2005, p. 4). This makes it difficult for these managers to discuss what each one of them believes are the roles of a leader and come to an agre eable conclusion, as well as how to measure success and a range of other essential factors. In addition, Melkman and Trotman point out communication is also a challenge (2005). According to Biech, â€Å"communication in a multicultural setting is much more complex and can result in inefficiencies† (2011, n.p.). Complexity in communication increases greatly when a team and customers are dispersed within different geographical regions. Deal and Prince assert that despite the fact that it is impossible for managers to exactly know how different people in different places behave, they should possess cultural adaptability skills (2011). Bhattacharyya supports this point when he asserts that at any time that managers of a certain company are need to travel and work in a culturally different country â€Å"it

Apple Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apple Computers - Essay Example Yet, as we look forward to a happy ending, earnings taper off and it appears as though the saga may be over after all. However, a feeling of quiet confidence gradually takes over the observer, as both Apple Computers and Jobs negotiate through each downturn with aplomb. Must a company's journey through time be so turbulent This document tries to draw lessons from the Apple experience and to suggest stable ways for commercial firms to manage their planning and operational processes. There are two over reaching factors that seem to have influenced strategic change at Apple Computers. The first is the frenetic pace of technological change. No other industrial sector has witnessed the continuous and rapid improvements in processor speeds, storage capacity, transmission options and software development. This has been a source of strength and an opportunity for the entrepreneurial culture of Apple Computers, but it has proved to be a handful for people such as Sculley who labored so hard to bring a semblance of order and discipline to the highly individualistic style of functioning to which die-hard company employees have become accustomed. A second factor which has affected strategy in this company has been the tumultuous and disorderly change of guard at the top. There is no precedent for such a striking founder to leave his creation while remaining in the business. Even more unusual has been the return of Jobs as a mere consultant to the company which he once owned. These moves, and indeed the manner of Sculley's departure have posed special challenges for the company. Strategy Review Systematic and regular environmental scanning seems to be a lacuna in the planning process at Apple Computers. Every enterprise needs a deep understanding of the values that its products and services deliver in an environment of global competitiveness (Ohmae, 1991, 61-74). The success of Jobs to see the opportunity in the graphic user interface which Xerox apparently missed, did not repeat itself when the company invested resources in Newton. It leads one to suspect that iPod may have come about by chance more than by a designed set of steps to understand dynamic customer needs. Environment scanning is an important and integral part of formulating strategy. We do not know if Apple Computers made the effort to reach out across the world, as for example IBM has always done, to weave market realism and new trends in consumer needs in to they way it thinks and works as an organization. The genius of Jobs could have been a drag for the company he founded, for he is clearly a person who th inks way ahead of his time. The story of Apple's strategy could be seen in the light of essential differences between a University Research Department and the function in a pharmaceutical concern which creates solely for profit. Jobs seems to have erred in mixing business and more visionary roles in a manner that continued to haunt the company long after he had left. We do know from the case that Sculley tried hard to rectify matters, but perhaps his 'sugary water' background prevented him from managing the environmental scanning process with the technological orientation it deserved. This is reflected in IBM and even prime rival Microsoft making good business use of some key Apple innovations! Overall, every business needs sound and

Communication Skills for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication Skills for Managers - Essay Example Managers should adopt a business environment that supports high employee productivity. Communication skills of managers should be effective in addressing the different demands of the employees and achieving the objectives of the business. Proper communication skills used by managers are critical in retaining employees. Business managers should consider the effective use of the different levels of communication. Communication channels at the workplace should encourage a nationwide forum in which all employees engage. Departmental communication is equally valuable in any business. Team communication is vital to ensure an inclusive teamwork. Communication at the lowest level involving individuals is equally valuable. A vital role of management is to ensure employee satisfaction. According to studies, employee dissatisfaction is an innermost factor that can be the cause underperformance at the workplace. Business goals are unattainable when there is a high level of employee dissatisfacti on and underperformance. Poor communication strategies adopted by managers have diverse impacts on the operations at the workplace. The implications of increased employee turnover can be massive when there is ineffective communication at the workplace. ... The business may make serious losses and fail to meet its goals. Poor service provision by employees to business customers may be a cause of a high rate of product defects. High defect rates of products also leads to serious business losses. Communication in the workplace is necessary in updating employees on the business goals. Communication is also central in passing informing to employees on the possible adjustments in the programs of the organization. Such adjustments are invaluable in attaining the business' set goals. Any lack of focus on the business objectives, by employees, can affect the business to a vast level. Communication, therefore, is instrumental in ensuring that employees are at par with the business objectives and make necessary adjustments. Innovation is central in achieving the objectives and successful operation of every business. Businesses are most likely to have stifled innovation when communication is poor, ineffective and uncoordinated. With little innovat ion, the business attracts low competitive advantage in the market. The emergence of market trends necessitates the adoption proper communication skills to drive diverse success factors in the management of every business. Organizational behavior has an extensive contribution in the achievement of workplace success. This depends on the extent of communication that managers invest in, at the workplace. The success of every business must encompass all aspects including effective communication. Internal communication involves the exchange of information within the organization (Kaul 7). It occurs between the business management and organization’s employees. External communication involves the exchange of

Impact ofUuninsured Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact ofUuninsured Population - Essay Example Health premiums alone rose threefold over average American incomes during the period 2000 - 04. This was largely the cause of 'under' insurance. A serious concern with Americans today is the possible fall out of being ill or injured in such circumstances. Most of the increase in the uninsured is due to an increase in the adult population to over 8 million equaled by a rise in the uninsured population to about 6 and a half million. About 4 million of this segment is below 200 percent of the poverty level. There are increases in uninsured even among the high income bracket of the population. Moreover, the shift in employment patterns suggests a large number veering toward employment in small size firms or self employment. Major figures for the uninsured or under insured are seen in this segment and most likely the trend will continue. The decline in employer sponsored health coverage will continue and costs of health insurance are far in excess of earnings and will continue to be so. Government intervention through public sponsored initiatives like tax credits or health programs is sure to be hampered by large budget deficits hampering state initiatives. In some states the growth in health care costs even outpaces state incomes. What are the implications in all this, fo... If the costs of health coverage are now being passed on to the individual, how do we widen the net to protect the underinsured and prevent the uninsured from drifting off into total hopelessness Suggested below are three initiatives can start and manage to face the risks from the uninsured population turning its back on us: Profit balanced with growth Product Mix Re-organize Structure (King, 2006) Profit balanced with growth drives the Business The issue - Economies of scale exist in the health care management industry but do not enable low premiums and ensure growth. Promotion of growth actually hampers profits as the issue concerning us is to be able to keep servicing our corporate clients, many of whom are offloading costs to each employee. We need aggressive double digit increases and pursue expansion of enrolments. Profits are important to us as they will help us survive a possible downturn caused by a low premium regime. Our goal would be achieve a premium yield of about 20% which would help us outpace the cost of expansion. This would come through our corporate clients It is suggested we that we prune down our client list to include those who would be able to share these costs. Ultimately, we would benefit from reducing the growing numbers of uninsured and passing off associated costs to those who can afford these. Degree of risk - Growth in enrollment would probably put us for a while in the path of unpredictable developments like rate of inclusion of new clinical technologies which would make costs spiral. This trend could be weathered by us as we have a mix of clients including those who came to us from other providers. This would be more preferable to the present trend of holding premium prices down in order to

Reading stories with children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading stories with children - Research Paper Example I decided to read two different books in terms of their themes and setting. The first book was a religious book with religious themes while the second book was more of a fun book. The interaction with the kid, who is about five years of age, was rather eye opening. During the reading session, the kid interjected the process severally asking various questions regarding the stories. He constantly asked questions regarding the meaning of words he did not understand. This trait was a bit interesting as it portrayed the kid as an inquisitive person who wanted to know more. Various facial expressions accompanied my reading to the kid so as to further make him understand certain aspects of the stories. He was keen on the kind of expression that he saw on my face as I continued to read the books. Whenever there were frowns on my face he could also frown. This was a sign that the kid personalized the reading through the expressions that I was portraying to him as the reader. After reading the books to the kid I did further analysis on his reactions during the time I read the books. This revealed something interesting as I realized that the child scrutinized details of every picture that was shown to him. The scrutiny of the fin details in the pictures portrayed the kid as an individual who is interested in both the pictorial aspects of the stories as well as the word flow. This was even more interesting when it came to recalling the reading on the side of the child when I asked him questions. Even after reading the two stories to the kid certain aspects of his traits were outstanding. The kid was able to recall the outline of the two stories though note as exact or fair as it should have been. The first story was titled chocolate me which talks about the skin color in different people. It was more religious and encouraged the readers to appreciate

Characterize the worlds current energy use situation and discuss Essay

Characterize the worlds current energy use situation and discuss various versions of an energy future as posed by the readings - Essay Example For example, Ayres (2001) focuses on making our present use of energy more efficient since there is technology available that can make more efficient use of our present oil and other energy resources. Instead of looking for new sources of energy or investing in our present sources, in the future envisioned by him, our energy use would become so efficient that economic growth would not be stalled until we have developed sustainable alternative fuels. The issue of development is directly connected with the search for alternative energy since the developing countries of the world depend on the availability of energy that can help them drive their economies. In any given city or country, whenever automobiles are driven, industries operated or to energy is generated to provide electric power to homes and offices, a significant amount of fossil fuels are used (Green, 2005). Of course a certain level of demand for such fuels had been met in the past since there was an abundance of resources but in the future, that demand may not be met if we continue to use fossil fuels in the same inefficient way that we have used them in the past. Ayres (2001) takes a view which focuses on governmental policies with regard to our current use of energy and how governments can mandate laws and regulations which make efficient energy a reality. This would allow significant cuts in the consumption of energy which would not only push back the peak but it would also allow the prices of oil to come down with a reduction in demand. The estimates made by him suggest that the demand for oil could be reduced by as much as half if the appropriate policies are implemented. The idea of pushing back the peak of oil production is discussed at length by Campbell and Laherrere (1998) who come to the conclusion that cheap and plentiful oil is no longer a given. They also report that the discovery of new oil production fields is

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANALYSIS - Case Study Example 126). In this case study, they include the management of the Plasterboard Company as well as that of the company that has been sub contracted for transport. Apathetic stakeholders are the ones responsible for monitoring the activities that are being undertaken and in this case the NGO that is advocating for Plasterboard Company to change its operations or be denied the right to work in this area is in this category (Kogut, 2012, p. 56). The defenders in this situation are the people who work in the mines and who may lose their jobs in the event that the company cannot continue carrying out its activities in this area (Aartsengel and Kurtoglu, 2013, p. 41). An ethical dilemma is a complicated state of affairs that most often than not involves an actual mental conflict between moral imperatives whereby obeying one will mean another is disobeyed (Harman, 2006, p. 152). In relation to this case study, an ethical dilemma will arise if the quarry operations are closed. This is because the people who work at the quarry will no longer have a source of employment and this will make their lives considerably difficult. On the other hand, if the quarry remains open, there is the risk of accidents associated with the trucks that pass through the town and also the rocks after they have blown. The disturbance that is caused by the trucks and the vibrations which amount to pollution will also continue. Another ethical dilemma can be identified in the plant operations since if the plant is closed; there is the danger of two hundred people losing a source of livelihood which will be bad for the town’s economy. Keeping it open means that the dangers associated with it will continue to haunt the population of the town. There may be a danger of the chemicals spilling and contaminating the environment as well as the groundwater in the soil that is used in the town. The noise and vibrations from the plant is also a nuisance even

International Human Resource Management Term Paper

International Human Resource Management - Term Paper Example HR has come a long way from its traditional role of personnel management to being considered the strategic partner of the organization. Today HR plays a proactive role in taking the initiatives and concentrating on the deliverables. HR is involved not only in the implementation of strategy but also in strategy formulation. HR is now considered one of the sources of competitive advantage for the company. Although the role and importance of HR is not debatable any more but in practice its role varies not only from company to company but also from country to country. This paper will discuss international human resource management and its various approaches with special reference to Spain. The aim of this paper is to study the institutional context that shapes and influences HRM in Spain. Different laws related to HRM, education and training system, employer organizations, trade union organization, collective bargaining structures, company governance arrangements and its impacts on HRM w ill be discussed here. A case study of a Spanish organization will also be discussed to study various practices and activities of HR. Historical Background of HRM in Spain Although human capital has always been important but recently the importance of human capital with comparison to capital, raw material, land and even technology has increased a lot. It is believed now that in this global world the key to success is having a better human capital than your competitors. It is difficult to obtain and control positive contributions from the employees hence efforts are made to make an environment that ensures voluntary flow of such employee behavior. The concept of Human resource management (HRM) has followed the same path which international HRM has followed moving from personnel management to strategic HRM. The development of HRM in Spain can be better understood if the developments are studied in the chronological order. The history of Spanish HRM can be divided into five periods. HR M during the Franco regime, (1950-9) marked by clerk autarchy The economic crises and political transition, Human Relations (1960-76) Development planning From the economic crises to economic recovery, labor relations (1977-85) conflicts and agreements HRM in today’s Spain In the period of clerk autarchy the main focus was on bureaucracy. HR was restricted to the daily management of data and ensuring working according to the pre-established rules and regulations. It was the era of personnel management. The purpose of the personnel management was to make employee’s comply with the rules and regulations of the business. Spain has seen different labor conditions during its development. The first form was the personnel management where foreman was assigned the role of personnel manager but in a very restricted form. The second phase was of the economic crises and political transition. It is marked by human resource development planning. In this phase the shift was towards technocracy. The qualified employees were given importance through various incentives for enhancing performance, training and development programs, appropriate selection process accompanied by adequate salary scales classified according to the service. Here the personnel management role of HR was to ensure that employees adapt according

Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay Example for Free

Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay Explore the similarities and differences between Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe. In this essay I will write about the Tell-Tale Heart which was written in the nineteenth century, and The Murderer which was written in the twentieth century. I will compare them in a number of ways; language, settings, suspense, characters In The Tell-Tale Heart the mood is typical of Edgar Allen Poe in that he wrote about murders in dark gothic houses this creates a mood of tension that something is about to happen suddenly and drives us to read faster and faster until suddenly the climax is upon the victims or sometimes, on a anti-climax. The narrator uses short sentences that are filled with active verbs to describe the story. Whereas the mood in The Murderer is quite calm and non-threatening. There is no haste to the words. This is very different to The Tell-Tale Heart. In The Tell Tale Heart the narrator does not tell us exactly where he is but he does tell us that there are creaky floor boards and heavy doors there are also mice. This leads us to believe that he is in a gothic house that is quite old. The narrator does not tell us about the weather directly but mention the wind in the chimney which suggest mid-winter. In the murderer there are a lot of different places, the murder scene, out side the newsagents, the flat where he slept and worked, each of them described in detail. The murder scene was a stationary notions shop as with the tell tale heart during the whole story there is only a few references to the weather such as a brief shower and that darkness cam suddenly apron them. The themes of the stories are both murders. The strangest one of the two stories is the murderer because the main character, Louis, kills his victim, for no reason that we know of, but there is a clear motive in the tell tale heart. The eye. The old mans evil eye this is the thing that drives the murderer to kills the old mans vulture eye the eye with a pale blue film over it. The main character in The Tell Tale Heart is a person who talks about him self a lot in the story ands says a few things like never before that night had I felt the extent of my powers. I think this person is insane (he spent an hour to look through a door) He is mostly in self-denial but he does say the disease has sharpened my senses -not destroyed them this becomes exenterated when he says he heard all the things in heaven because of the acute sense of hearing he has acquired from being mad. The main character of the tell tale heart is a mystery because they does not reveal their sex or their age, or any of their physical looks. Where in the murderer we know that Louis is good looking and has a swarthy face that girls like to smile at. I think that, whilst these authors have crated stories that are similar in theme they have there own way of introducing the characters and victims of the story. Also the setting is very different. I like them both for they are very griping and leave a great deal of the story to the readers imagination but my favourite is The Tell-Tale Heart because of the way the nature of the murderer is very well presented and has left me thinking about it. The very way that he calmly killed him with out no little voice in his head telling him what he is doing is wrong chills me to the bone. This is a little detail that Poe was very clear about for although he was insane (As I have pointed out before the evidence for this case is not in short supply) he was still a human being and as one of them I fell disturbed that one human can do that to a fellow human. Humans are the most dangerous species because of our actions. Our kind is the only ones that ill because they feel like it. Not because they are hungry or in danger but because of pure spite. This is one of the many dangers of free will and Poe and collate point this out in the most disturbing ways imaginable.

The Global Market Entry Strategies Of Banks Commerce Essay

The Global Market Entry Strategies Of Banks Commerce Essay The PESTLE analysis was enunciated to ascertain the levels of the effects the external environment plays in the global market arena. The global market entry strategy remains an important focal point in global marketing as banks in an effort to enhance growth and survival expand to other foreign markets to remain competitive in a turbulent and ever changing business environment. This research took a cursory look at the various elements that determines the options available to financial institutions especially banks as the mode of entry varies based on different criteria and how such decisions are made, the advantages and disadvantages of joint ventures, strategic alliances and mergers acquisition were appropriately considered. These elements also includes the focal theories of marketing strategic environment, the eclectic, the business network, the institutionalization and the resource based theories of foreign direct investment, the different market entry choice open for banks was a nalysed. The market conditions that influences the decision of banks in selecting markets are analysed (the internal and external conditions), the market entry partner selection criteria was enunciated. Guaranty Trust Bank Plc. has taken a look at the disadvantages of the partnership style and hence opted for the choice of not adopting these styles of market entry as the countries it is participating in had not stringent protectionist regulation, all these countries of Gambia, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Liberia all needed the influx of foreign direct investment from neighbour nations. GTBank however opted for the establishment of subsidiaries in these countries by taking the grow brand straight into the markets of its choice, the branded products were internationalized. This gives it the leverage to make definite decisions and determine the steps, pace and determine the direction in which it decides to operate. This mode of market entry strategy enhanced GTBanks chances of being innovative and to compete favourably in its continuous drive to attain maximum height in the global business environment it finds itself. This has contributed to the successive growth of the bank in the West African sub-region. Had it opted for the partnership strategy, it would have been restricted from undertaken and exploring the market as much as necessary the partial if not, total control of the principal it so attached itself to. This limits its capabilities and strides to the views and acceptance of the principal partner in the host country and this weakens its innovative drive. GTBank plc. in an effort to seek expansion has subsidiaries in emerging financial markets of Sierra-Leone, Liberia, Ghana and Gambia with a correspondent outlet in United Kingdom. This has brought in a revolutionary trend in the style and system of conducting banking business in the West African sub-region. It is along this line that this research examines the entries style and strategies employed and other considerations by the bank. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to the following for giving me full support through the course of this project.  Ã‚  Many thanks to the branch manager of GTB, and other department heads that helped me with my study. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Barny Morris for providing support and guidance whenever I needed it. Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to my father Mr Barda, and my sister Fatima Barda for supporting me throughout my years of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAPTER ONE 2.0.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION The global financial meltdown has necessitated the re-strategizing of different financial institutions with Guaranty Trust Bank Plc Nigeria having to change its marketing strategies continuously and seek to internationalize by going into different foreign markets. There are two advantages that necessitated firms involving in global marketing, the idea of sustainable growth and expansion and a tacit route for survival in the ever competitive financial business environment (Buckley and Carson 1996). Guaranty Trust Bank Plc was incorporated as a limited liability company licensed to provide commercial and other banking services to the Nigerian public in 1990, commenced operations in February 1991and became publicly quoted company on the Nigerian stock exchange in September 1996, In February 2002, GTBank was granted a universal banking license and later appointed a settlement bank by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2003.  Guaranty Trust Bank undertook its second share offering in 2004 and successfully raised over N11 billion from Nigerian Investors to expand its operations and favourably compete with other global financial institutions. The Central Bank of Nigeria raised the minimum capital base of banks operating in Nigeria to N25 billion in 2005 as part of the regulating bodys efforts to sanitize and strengthen the financial institutions in Nigerian, GTBank subsequently met this criteria(CBN bulletin, 2006), in post-consolidation, Guaranty Trust Bank Plc made a strategic decision to actively pursue retail banking. A major rebranding exercise followed in June 2005, and GTBank began an aggressive expansion strategy and taking the product brand to Ghana, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leon, and a correspondence outlet in United Kingdom (GTB Home 2011) What are the Research Questions? 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the foreign market entry strategy that GTBank used in its quest for global expansion and growth? Did the choices of foreign market entry option work for Guaranty Trust Bank in its quest for global expansion and growth? Did the Market entry option strategy contribute to Guaranty Trust Bank competitiveness? Global marketing entry strategies has  [BM1]  been an underlining factor towards sustainable growth, expansion and survival of all financial institutions in the w[BM2]  orld, the rationale behind this research is to ascertain the importance financial institutions like GTBank derive from their  global entry strategies[BM3]  in the bid for competitiveness in the global financial markets. The last global financial crisis that led to several multi-global financial institutions like Goldman Sachs and Lehmann Brothers went bust and how a financial institution like GTbank may use its market entry strategies to effect and continue its quest for sustainable growth and continuous expansion Sceptics believe the doomsday was just postponed and not averted entirely  [BM4]  hence there is still a continued global feeling of another more clinical meltdown envisaged in the nearest future. For its continuing sustainability and expansions, GTBank choice of market entry strategy is vital so as to consolidate or plan its exit strategy as well. Financial institutions are said to be the engine room of all economic activities such as borrowing, investments, consumption spending, net exports, net government spending, and foreign exchange. This research will shed light on how Guaranty Trust Bank Plc stimulated these economic activities in different countries and enhances its growth by its choice of market entry options The aims and objectives of this Research The aim of this research is to look into the global market entry strategies, and how invaluable these strategies are to the overall theme of guaranty trust bank market entry strategy as it seek to expand into other territories.   Objectives of this research are; To review the global market entry strategies. Examine the actual and potential effects of global market entry strategies on Guaranty Trust Bank.   Examine the extent to which Global market entry strategy improves growth and sustainable expansion of Guaranty Trust Bank Methodology This research is based on a case study approach and is largely qualitative and primary data will be used as interviews will be conducted of six person in different departments of GTBank and data from educational Journals, periodical, educational Textbooks, Studies and Reports of institutions, Newsletters, internet sources in addition to erstwhile various related published educational sources will be extensively used. Organization of this Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This Research is organized as follows: Chapter one contains the introduction to the study, which incorporates:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aims/objectives of the study  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An outline of the research methodology to be used in satisfying the aims  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research questions  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A brief outline of the subsequent chapters Chapter two consists of literature review and theoretical framework  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This chapter  Summarise what other studies have done, their methods their results, and case studies   Chapter three contains methodology of Research  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describing the data, providing descriptive statistics about the data (charts and tables), explain data collection, explain the analysis of the data. Chapter four is the discussion of findings. Chapter five contains recommendations and conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CHAPTER  TWO[BM5]   INTRODUCTION Rugman (1996) noted that global market entry strategic decisions are taken by firms due to economic reasons either for the purposes of expansion and sustainable growth or for the purpose of survival in a volatile competitive market environment  [BM6]   In the last decade there has been a  large significant  [BM7]  increase in cross-border entries  [BM8]  by banks,  it has been acknowledged that  inter in  [BM9]  recent years has exceeded the combined total of numbers of  partnership[BM10]  Ã‚  formed in decades (Aimin 2001, et al).  [BM11]   The over saturation of financial institutions in Nigeria led to  [BM12]  several banking groups to attempt expanding in provision of services to neighbouring countries and beyond. Craig and Douglas.,  [BM13]  (2006[BM14]  ) argued that market entry strategies are shaped by the dynamic interplay of the driving and restraining forces of globalization, with increasing and rapid technological advancement, the market need of the local economy, the firms seeking leverage, the quality of product introduced and the world economic trend while the restraining forces are organizational culture, market difference, management myopia, barriers and national control.[BM15]   As banks seek fast growth globally, the choice of market entry strategic mode became an issue, as it is an important decision for banks seeking global participation and competitiveness (Buckley and Carson 1996). The selection of an appropriate market entry mode in a foreign market may have considerable effect on a firm either it necessitates growth or causes extensive damage to a firms sustainable growth and survival  (Davidson, 1982[BM16]  ;  Gatignon and Anderson, 1988[BM17]  ; Root, 1994;  Terpstra and Sarathy, 1994[BM18]  ). The subsequent selection of an unsuitable entry mode may block opportunities and hinder growth by limiting the array of strategic market entry options available to the firm (Alderson[BM19]  , 1957); This could result in considerable financial losses to the firm, including the firms exit from the foreign market, an example is the Merrill Lynch failure in Japan in the 1980s, in its attempt to enter the private client services market, the mode of market entry was at variance with the Japanese protectionist foreign firm regulations at that time which was highly restrictive of foreign firms  (Hill, 2002).[BM20]   GTB plc. in its quest for global expansion and sustainable growth must undertake an extensive market research analysis to  [BM21]  study the foreign business environment it intends operating in as  Scott[BM22]  (1981) observed that the best way to organize a firm depends on the nature of the environment to which the firm operates. A  PESTLE  analysis is done to ascertain the viability and profitability of the intended local market before choosing an appropriate market entry mode based on that. Kotler (1998)  [BM23]  defined PESTLE Analysis as a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position and direction for Operations. Williams and Green (1997) suggested that the PESTEL Analysis also allows an Organisation to have a competitive advantage over other firms in the industry and this technique is used to evaluate and identify the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors in a given economy that would affect the operation of an organization. Source: Johnson   scholes[BM24]  Ã‚  (2008) The political factor is always necessary to be evaluated, in order to know the favourability of the political climate to market growth and development in a particular country, as the stability of government, its Taxation Policies, and Attitude towards  foreign investment is crucial to the survival of the firm. The foreign governments economic framework is accessed to measure the state of the economy by considering the GDP statistical growth, the wage level, the disposable income, Unemployment rate, business cycle and viability of participating in the country. The rate and growth of population is also measured to determine changes in the taste  [BM25]  and preferences of consumers, changes in the lifestyle of consumers and the level of education of the populace, which would have a great effect on the demand of the products or services provided by GTB plc. The laws and regulations that exist in the foreign business environment is gauged to ascertain the legislative constraints or changes, such as health and safety legislation, working regulations or restrictions on company mergers and acquisitions, minimum wage cap. Porter (1996[BM26]  ) believed environmental laws and regulation help push firms towards innovation that will reduce their cost against the cost of keeping to the regulation. The PESTEL analysis is a very relevant and useful tool in analysing the external business environment as Henry. (2008) posited that it allows the firm full and informed knowledge of the foreign business environment the firm intends entering, and contributes to the proper understanding of the competitive nature of the business environment that may affect the firm.  Hiebing[BM27]  Ã‚  et al (2011) advanced that, the nature of the competitors in the market, the consumers and government actions contributes in the development of a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors. From researching the business environment, the firm might be able to see disguised opportunities (Zheng,.2009) Other scholars Williams and Green (1997) considers PESTLE analysis as a waste of time since the business environment is unpredictable; such analysis might become needless, as the business environment is considered uncertain. The business environment is uncontrollable hence the probability of situations arising that cannot be  controlled[BM28]   FOCAL THEORIES OF MARKET ENTRY STRATEGIES There have been different debates on the best entry mode option firms should use to enter foreign markets; most of these theories are focused on the manufacturing sectors with a peripheral research done on the services sector (Ekeledo and Sivakumar  1998[BM29]  ).   A financial institution like GTBank Plc offers products as well as services. There are several theories of foreign direct investment as it relates to the market entry strategies of firms and financial institutions, but for the purpose of this research 3 related theories will be analysed. The Business Network theory  [BM30]  as the business environment is crucial for the banks strategic participation, the  institutionalization theory  [BM31]  that focuses on the difference between the institutional laws, culture of the home or host country, the  Eclectic theory  [BM32]  as this looked at the concept of determining factors that categorized a firm as a host or source firm, and the resource based theory that look at resources as the main reason firm enter new foreign markets. The joint venture market entry mode, the strategic alliance market entry mode and the mergers and acquisition entry mode is also reviewed[BM33]  . Carson (1993) opined  the conceptualization of the business network theory is primed that the business market environment focuses on specific relationships between suppliers and the consumers as the two actors in business. At the heart of this approach lies the assumption that suppliers and customers are engaged in long-lasting relationships that they consider to be important for their business as empirical data related to some one thousand business relationships in European markets showed that most firms operate in markets where a limited number of customers account for a considerable proportion of the firms sales (Hakansson 1982; Turnbull and Valla 1986). The  institutionalization  theory  deals with the difference between the institutions in the country of origin and in the receiving subsidiarys country by understanding the complex differences between national business systems through gaining an understanding of institutions governing the way product labour and financial markets work and the way institutional sectors relate to one another ( Baptista, 2009) Such cross-national differences place various degrees of constraints on the international dissemination of practices within multinational firms (Fermer et al 2005). It has been proposed that the key variable in this context is institutional distance (Kostova and Zaheer 1999). This comprises the differences in the regulation, normative and cognitive institutions between countries, for example corporate tax policy, peoples attitude to gender issues, and knowledge about possible environmental threats. Dunning (1980) introduced the concept of an eclectic theory of foreign direct investments often referred to as the OLI paradigm, which refers to the determining conditions for a firm to be a source or a host, these acronyms stands for Ownership advantages which allows a firm to overcome the disadvantages of a foreign location, this can be a product, or a production process to which other firms do not have access, such as patent or trademark, Location considerations such as input costs, strategic interaction or trade policy which make it more profitable to produce in a country than to export to it and Internalization gains which makes it more profitable for a firm to undertake foreign production itself rather than dealing with a foreign partner more familiar with the local environment (Sodersten, Reed 1994). Markusen (1995, 1998) reviewed the OLI paradigm by listing major characteristics of firms as, that multinational firms are associated with high ratios of research development relative to sales, employ large number of scientific, technical workers as a percentage of total work-force, tend to have a high value of intangible assets, are associated with new and technically complex products, are negatively associated with plant level scale economies, are associated with product differentiation variables such as advertising to sale ratios, that the size of a firm is minimally unimportant to be considered a multinational and that multinational firms tend to be older more established firms ([BM34]  Marrewijk, 2002). Itaki (1991) argued that the concept of the eclectic theory is however flawed, as a result of the  redundancy  of  the  concept of ownership advantage, it is assumed redundant because it originates from  the  internalization and integration theories and that firms tend to acquire and exploit  the  ownership advantages and that  the  ownership advantage includes  the  cost  of  its acquisition and that after paying for  the  contribution  of  all  the  factor inputs, the firm makes super-normal profit that remains in  the  final results simply from  the  firms organizational power  in  various departments or sub units and  the issue of  the  inseparability  of  the  ownership advantage from  the  location advantage is another matter of note. The resource-based theory of foreign direct investments views firm-specific resources such as assets capabilities, as the focal drivers of a firms international business strategy, scholars such as Barney (1991), Bharadwaj et al, 1993, and Grant (1991) even though affirming the theory as the most effective theory of international business strategy considers the theory as largely conceptual and descriptive. Root, (1994) urged financial institutions and Banks entering foreign markets to decide on the most suitable entry strategy, the market entry option selection is interpreted to mean an appropriate means for firms to enter foreign markets to participate in international businesses by exploiting their advantages. Banks also need to arrange ownership, either as a wholly owned subsidiary, in a joint venture, or in strategic alliance.  There are several mode of market entry strategy adopted by banks when[BM35]  entering a new market as the entry mode choice is not necessarily straightforward. A bank may pursue different market entry routes in different foreign markets for different banking reasons.  Ã‚  There are often constraints to foreign entry in the banking sector which home governments try to regulate in other to protect the home banks, which add to the complexity of choice of market entry strategy.[BM36]   Joint ventures are considered as the best global market entry strategy and the most cost effective means of expanding to foreign business environment (Hunt and Morgan.,1995) It has been suggested that joint ventures occur as a result of the perceived insistence of nation government to encourage international firms for the purposes of foreign direct investments (Buckley and Carson 1996). Firms ordinarily though form alliances for the singular reasons of value chains and different product offerings. Joint equity are basically the type of joint venture nations governments do encourage because of the gains that can be offered in terms of shared technological advancements to the local firms. The advantages of joint venture to banks is that it addresses the issue of uncertainty by the combined creation of monitoring mechanism that could align such uncertainties for the partners, to reveal information, share technology, make decisions together and pursue certain goals collectively  Vernon (1983). This assertion was agreed upon by Pfeffer and Salancik(1978) who noted then that if the problems firms face are competitive and symbiotic, then it can be presumed that joint ventures are undertaken to reduce uncertainties and promote stability in the business environment.   Gringer (1991), Beamish and Danks(1987) noted that globally majority of banks establishes business partnerships when the perceived additional benefits outweighs the expected extra cost after undertaken a cost-benefit analysis. It was established by Harigan (1988) that firms form partnership for strategic reasons and argued that joint ventures can exacerbate competition, stabilize profit level, and precipitate in structural changes in vertical integration, technological scale of economies or industry traits. Blodgett (1991) noted that joint venture market entry strategic option could be advantageous in form

The Effects of Globalization

The Effects of Globalization This paper will discuss and evaluate the effects of globalization within a worldwide economy. It will discuss the undeniable positive externalities of globalization weighted against the accepted negative effects of a more correlated market place. Deregulation, decreased regulatory oversight, technical progress and human innovation has facilitated increased connectivity and economic interdependence, resulting in the effective development of a spider web of interlinked, market participants, wrapped in a shroud of business process opacity. Globalization and the changing economic modalities of free trade principles, coupled with inadequate risk mitigation strategies will be analyzed as a catalyst and precursor to the collapse of capital markets worldwide and the subsequent demise and bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers operations globally. A framework will be examined where internationalization has cultivated an environment of increased profit exploitation opportunities, but has also through i nformation asymmetry created domino network of infectious system components whose individual failure compromise the wellbeing of the entire system. Keywords: Globalization, Lehman Brothers, Externalities, Economy, System, Strategy. An acute analysis on the effects of the positive and negative externalities of continuous globalization within the development of a one world market composite global economic personality GLOBALIZATION is defined as the process by which geographic boundaries have been transcended by increased technical progress. It is the development of a one world market place, or worldwide economic ecosystem governed by the interconnectivity of individual component economic units. Globalization is a set of processes, rather than an end situation representing the unrelenting erosion of all barriers to free trade, increasing worldwide economic integration. (Kaarbo Lee, 2005). Business expansion through internationalization is a positively correlated function of globalization. Globalization has created a singular, unified worldwide economic collective, operating as a dynamic composite personality, permeating all market verticals, industry sectors and political covenants (LeBon, 1973) The increasingly homogenized and ever flattening operational landscape created as a globalization collective unconscious side effect, has facilitated numerous undisputed benefits to all market participants, including the emancipation of women, increased routes to market for business, lowered production costs, bettered supply chain networks, a deeper global labor pool, an increase in aggregate consumer sovereignty and countless others.(Jung, 1934) The process of globalization through all methods has resulted in a more liberated free market economic archetype. The creation of the Internet in the early 1990s and the technological progress enjoyed since has facilitated a convergen ce and homogenization of competitive advantages. Businesses have increased access to a more educated, culturally diverse talent pool, allowing for and assisting in the development of sustainable competitive advantage. Supply chain networks that transcend tradition geographic boundaries have lowered the costs of production, improving the organizational bottom line. Improved profits through cost saving has produced a shift in the demand curve for labor. Standardized product offerings thorough certified global manufacturing best practice methodologies have afforded the consumer the luxury of being able to take quality for granted. As the world becomes smaller with easier access to information, substantial improvements in education and healthcare have been possible; originally thought incurable diseases now have therapy lowering infant mortality rates and improving life expectancies. Between 1950 the worldwide infant mortality rate was 174 deaths per 1000, in 1990 this figure had fallen to 64 deaths per 1000 (CIA Fact Book, 2006) Furthermore once culturally suppressive states are now waking and accepting the possibility of women in the work force with the rational that by limiting the economic participants available in their respective economies a said country will lower its ability to compete against more gender accommodating and accepting countries. Globalization has fundamentally altered the way organizations compete, the way they market and their intrinsic value propositions. Businesses are no longer defining strategy with a local bias, but are competing within a global business ecosystem, where decisions can only be made by understanding all of the inputs and outputs of that system. Businesses can no longer operate as independent components of an economic collective but rather act as interrelated component parts of an overall system (Von Bertalanffy, 1976) Open markets are the best engine for lifting living standards and building shared collective prosperity. (Clinton, 2000) Only countries that remove the shackles to free trade, capital movement and international competition will realize socioeconomic progress. In weighing the benefits of continuous globalization it is evident that for every positive there is often a negative. Some economists argue that globalization has a debilitating effect on emerging markets and infantile industry, destroying rather that incubating competition by allowing first world economic powers through ambiguous and fine print riddled trade agreements to exploit the status quo, underpaying developing nations for all processes of consumption satisfaction. The interconnectivity of rich and poor nations is a zero sum game, that exists outside the framework of pareto criterion. It is not possible for one economic unit (Country) to benefit without making another economic entity worse off. Someone has to win and someone has to lose. It is still however acceptable and beneficial if the alternative of not engaging in trade is less savory than the loss that any such trade would incur. (Pareto, 1970) It is clear that there are significant in-equity problems as a result of gl obalization. It is argued that globalization has increased sovereign wealth income inequalities with continual divergence resulting in more polarization of incomes worldwide. Greater access to labor markets has on one handed facilitated increased employment, and on the other hand the excess supply has created a producer sovereign labor market and hence lowered global wage rates. Lower disposable income particularly in emerging economies, lowers aggregate demand within the national economy. (Keynes, 1970) The lowered demand for internal labor as a result of decreased money supply is the precursor to a vicious cycle of unemployment due to cyclical demand, and continuously lowered central bank interest rates in an attempt to inject momentum into economic growth. This means that rather than leveraging the opportunities created by the fruits of globalization, poorer nations are struggling with internal economic strife, and falling even further behind their Western counterparts. The secon d cost of globalization stems from the resource and economic interdependencies that it creates. When economies and the businesses within those economies are so closely linked and correlated, there is a systemic risk to the whole economic ecosystem that if one of the parts of that system were to fail, there would be a domino effect knocking over all other elements of that system. (Lowenstein, 2002) This is evidenced in the collapse of the subprime housing market in the United States in late 2007. As financial institutions began to falter in the US as a result of complex structured products understood by few, the problems inevitably began to spread to firms in Europe and the United Kingdom. The sheer density and number of unknown correlations between firms meant that no one organization had a complete picture of its exposure to it counterparties. This lack of knowledge prevented firms from being able to implement any risk mitigating strategies and was the ultimate cause of the failure of Lehman Brothers, a century old Wall Street investment banking giant. Lehman Brothers International, as an organization built itself on the foundation laid by economic globalization, from a scrappy tier two investment bank with seventeen billion dollars of revenue in 2003 to fifty seven billion dollars in 2007.(Ishikawa, 2009) With the benefit of hindsight, globalization was the greatest Lehman Brothers change champion and simultaneously its Achilles heel. As the financial services world joined hands in holy matrimony in early 1990s, agreeing to ever more lenient repurchase financing terms for fellow members, the church bells were ringing marking the beginning of the end. Complex financial alchemy was used to develop highly structured, highly profitable instruments of speculation with Lehman Brothers and compatriots leading the charge. Easier access to overseas markets and clientele created by globalization had allowed the firm on offer its services on an ever widening foreign au dience. Lehman Brothers believing that it was operating in non correlated markets and essentially hedging its bets continued to create and sell financial derivatives. When the music stopped and the market began to sink in 2007, Lehman Brothers immediately found itself in an unfamiliar situation. Not only were US markets falling, but it seemed that world markets were acting in unison and collapsing together. Lehman Brothers as a function of globalization experienced a black swan event, an event so statistically implausible that it was unlikely to happen in a million years. A harsh lesson on the black swan principal, The observation of one thousand white swans is not enough to infer that all swans are white, but the sighting of a single black swan is enough to refute the conclusion'(Taleb, 2007) A worldwide recession as experienced in 2010 caused in part by globalization could result in a desire by government and market participants to break the economic bonds built by and through the globalization process, as was observed in the Great Depression of the 1930s and as is currently happening with the financial debacle in Greece. The upshot of which is severe economic dissatisfaction, followed by be economic disagreement, culminating in economic warfare and possibly to military conflict. (Intriligator, 2001) All of the above highlighted by a strengthening agreement in the belief that globalization through all of it incarnations is intrinsically undermining the value of the sovereign state. Increasingly it is seen that globalization is allowing foreign powers in the form of external political influencers as well as Multi National Corporations to govern the resources of a nation as they see most beneficial to their own motivations. The fundamental aim of this paper was to discuss the positive and negative externalities of globalization and the effect that they have on the business playing field. Whether globalization by opinion is viewed as negative or an inherently positive force for continued economic progress, it is unmistakable that it produces massive opportunities and frightening challenges. It must also be accepted that the combination of variables, known and unknown that has lead society to a globalised one world economic system are still abundantly active. The trend is still bullish and is likely to accelerate with economic resources diminishing, increasing technical progress happening daily and barriers to progress falling as fast, globalization is a journey to be embraced rather than feared. It is the key that will remove the chains of impoverishment from third world economic powers, and it is the lock that will bind a composite global economic collective into achieving sustainable socioeconomic prog ress.

The Catcher in the Rye - J.D. Salinger as Holden Caulfield :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Catcher in the Rye - J.D. Salinger as Holden Caulfield The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is home to the protagonist Holden Caulfield. There is no coincidence that he holds a striking resemblance to the author of the novel himself. Salinger seemed to have a similar childhood as Holden describes in The Catcher in the Rye. Both men also seemed to have a certain fascination with younger children, especially younger women. J.D. Salinger based one of his most famous characters, Holden Caulfield, on personal experience. Holden's story in The Catcher in the Rye begins with Holden at his school, Pencey Preparatory, which is a boarding school. He was sent there by his parents, who seemed to be withdrawn from his life. Similarly, Salinger's parents sent him to Valley Forge Military School, where he had a neighbor who always seemed to be barging in, showing a resemblance to Ackley. The reader learns that Holden is the son of wealthy parents from New York. It turns out that J.D. Salinger was also born in New York to upper-class parents. It seems as though Holden Caulfield's childhood is an identical match to that of J.D. Salinger's. Salinger had a deep love and fascination with young children, especially young women. In the 1970s, Salinger maintained a close connection with an eighteen year-old girl, Joyce Maynard, who eventually moved in with the author. J.D. Salinger continued to have many relations with younger women, much like this one. His fascination with young women is reflected in Holden, who has a similar mind-set. Even as a seventeen year-old, Holden is infatuated with his perception of Jane Gallagher as a little girl. It is this picture of innocence that Holden is in love with, and not what Jane is like now. The concept of, "the catcher in the rye," itself projects his interest in children. He day-dreams about standing at the edge of the rye field catching any children that are too close to the edge of the cliff.

As I Lay Dying: The Love Of Family :: essays research papers

Ah, love. Love is so often a theme in many a well-read novel. In the story, As I Lay Dying, one very important underlying theme is not simply love, but the power to love. Some of the characters have this ability; some can only talk about it. Perhaps more than anyone, Addie and Jewel have this power- one which Jewel, by saving his mother twice, merges with his power to act. As the Bible would have it, he does "not love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth" (1 John 3:18). Jewel, Addie's son by Whitfield, is 18 years old. Like Pearl, the product of Hester Prynne's adulterous affair in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter, Jewel's name is a symbol of the value his mother places on him. The favoritism that Addie showed him is responsible for the antagonism between him and Darl. Jewel personifies Addie's preference for experience over words. He is always in motion. He expresses himself best through actions. When he verbalizes his love for Addie- in his single monologue- he does so with a violent fantasy about hurling down stones on outsiders. Elsewhere, he expresses his love for her through deeds, not words. While Addie lies dying on her corn-shuck mattress, Darl convinces Jewel to take a trip with him to pick up a load of lumber. Darl knows that Jewel is Addie's favorite child. The trip for lumber is a contrivance- Darl's way of keeping Jewel from his mother's bedside when she dies. A wheel breaks on the wagon, and before Darl and Jewel can replace it, bring the wagon home, and load Addie's body onto it for the trip to Jefferson, three days have passed. By this time, heavy rains have flooded the Yoknapatawpha River and washed out all the bridges that cross it. The river is vicious, and the Bundrens' mules drown. The wagon tips over, and. Jewel, on horseback, manages to keep the wagon and its load from drifting downstream, saving his mother’s decomposing body. When the family finally makes it through the ordeal, they spend the night at the Gillespies' farm. Darl sets fire to the barn where Addie's body is stored in an effort to spare his mother. However, Jewel once again saves her coffin with a heroic act.

Operating Plan Essay

We will First Operate in major metro cities, starting with Bangalore, and then Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Goa, Pune, Kolkata, Gujarat etc. After Targeting to these cities, we will try to target the rural India which is almost 70 % of India. How will we promote? We will promote through ADVERTISEMENT in ONLINE FORUM, SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES, Locally famous Theatres, Souvenirs given to customers, App Stores, android market apps, PRINT MEDIA which is almost read by every other person commonly, like Hindu, Times of India, etc in Bangalore and also some local brands etc. What will be our sales promotion activity? People would be able to book a whole van for family get together, a birthday party with their movies, buffet lunch or dinner etc all made available in the bus, with some prior booking of minimum 7 days. Also if a school or college wants to show a educational review, or a documentary to their students, the team may take care, go to school and show help them with all things they needed with prior booking. We will be also issuing a pass which will be a three time annual pass in which you can see movie thrice a month with that pass redeeming every time you come. This will be mainly for our day today customers. The annual pass will also contain coupons for free popcorn, or some discount on meal and also some other value added services. How Will We Sell? Our main aim is to earn profit with creating a strong customer relationship. We will sell our Tickets through our own website, Bookmyshow.com. After some time in long term we will make our own apps in Iphone, android market, Ipad etc. The Timings will be pre decided, and a weeks timetable will also be decided, which will show not only new movies, but sometimes a educational film, and local language films of the city we operate in. Where will we park? We will park our cinevan in a short distance from our customers place. A max of 1 km far in any locality we decided. We will park somewhere where there is ample of space for vehicles to come and go. This will help in regulating the traffic. We will also take prior permissions for all our places, etc How will we get our caravan? We will import in the beginning and then we will try and improvise our team and add some designers who can design our caravan which will be more spacious etc. our current caravan will accommodate around 70 people at a time. How will Caravan be like? Caravan will be a bus which will have a same experience as if you are sitting In a multiplex. The Acoustics department will be taken care of and a finest of all will be used there.

Increasing Productivity in SMEs Essay

IntroductionThe writings indicates that mild and fair Enterprises (SMEs) contribute a probatoryly to a orbits GDP. In gain, they employ large numbers of people. jibe to the Bank of England Quarterly Report on sensitive Business Statistics (2001), almost 99.8% of billetes in the UK, one for every 10 recreateers, ar SMEs, employing less than 250 people. This means that one tabu of eight workers is self-employed. Similarly, according to Cole (n.d.), the earth Bank believes that one pregnant end among high and hapless income countries is the division of SMEs in each. In a characteristic high-income orbit approximately 57% of credit line comes from the SME sector, dapple in a representative low-income country only 18% of barter comes from the same sector. An example of a high-income country is the US, with 85% of companies designated at SMEs, contributing 50% of the GDP and employing 50% of the labor suck up (Cabello, 2010). A nonher example of a high-income c ountry is Japan with 99.5% of line of credites designated as SMEs employing fully two-thirds of the integral labor force (Cabello, 2010).Given the healthy contributions SMEs make in terms of employ and adding to a countrys GDP, it is staggeringly strategic they change magnitude their competitiveness in a orbiculateized economic environment. Unfortunately, on that point is signifi substructuret evidence that SMEs lag in productivitythe moderatenesss vary based on what business organization of business the SME is in. For example, in a small- shell factory, low worker output may be due to problems with the machines or low morale beca sub figure of bad worker- theatre director coincidences (Calzado, 2003). However, a nonher(prenominal) reason that SMEs are unproductive is their inability to effectively utilize know conductge and colloquy Technology (ICT), several(prenominal)times simply referred to as Information Technology (IT) (Calzado, 2003). tally to Qureshi and York (2008), Ho, Kauffman, and Liang (2008), and Bharadwaj (2000), in that location is a large consensus among scholars and insurancemakers that the adequate usance of ICT increases the competitiveness of employees and streng and thens the position of companies in the global saving (as cited in Millis, 2008).This literature all the way shows that companies who integrate ICT in a strait-laced way score significantly break d familiarity than their competitors in the field of cost hold back and profit. In fact, a high train of info processing systemization and networking is perceived as a crucial factor to enhance the strength of employees and thus to remain competitive, which is one reason that pre stancential terms close to the world exhaust responded to these purpose by launching initiatives to advertize companies to fit ICT more than aggressively (Millis, 2008).However, while at that place is agreement that SME productivity must be change magnitude and that t his can be get throughd by the roaring consolidation and usage of ICT, the literature too indicates that SMEs are not succeederful at acquiring, utilizing or integrate ICT. Therefore, while large corporations have madely incorporated ICT so as to generate more output with fewer resources, SMEs have been left(a) behind (Wielicki & Arendt, 2007). Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate the reasons wherefore SMEs do not utilize technology effectively and possibly provide several(prenominal) recommendations for dealing with this situation.The Problem with Technology desegregation and Utilization in SMEs Why authorities Initiatives FailIn an compendium of policy measures designed to advance the cybernation levels of SMEs, Millis (2008) indicates that government activitys around the world have launched initiatives to encourage companies to admit ICT more aggressively. However, while this has met with success in larger companies, adaptation of ICT in SMEs has not yielded the same return on investment funds. He found the following reasons for this inadequacy of success Inadequate beats. Generally, hardware expenses are employ as a benchmark standard to measure level of computerization in companies. However, this does not work rise up in SMEs because some companies rent rather than own hardware, and ownership does not equate with effective usage. This has impressioned in a neglect of experimental data by which to assess the authorization of government initiatives (Millis, 2008).Oversimplified assumptions and underestimation of SME diversity. All initiatives to encourage the adaptation of ICT are based on a model that assumes a structured sequential act for optimal use of sweet technology. The model oversimplifies the complexness of the process and overlooks the individual differences between SMEs. For example, some SMEs with an merchandise component are better positioned to supply faster than companies that do not have an export co mponent. As a result of the diversity of SMEs, government initiatives are in like manner bureaucratic to be effective. Moreover, they drop in SME engagement. This results in many initiatives missing their goals (Millis, 2008). match expectations. It is ultimately the SME managers finale to adapt ICT. This means that each manager must be well aware about the opportunities and threats of the market that they are in operation(p) in. In addition, they need to have some knowledge of how to integrate the technology effectively. oftentimes SME care is suspicious of government initiatives. That, linked with the omit of engagement between government agencies and SMEs, results in mismatched expectations between managers and government bodies (Millis, 2008).Integration of IT Alone does not promise Increased Performance Francalanci and Morabito (2008) took an in-depth look at the literature regarding the relationship between Information Technology (IT) and business doing. They conclu ded that integrating IT does not automatically guarantee increased business performance, unless the organization completes the larn slew associated with the integrating of data and applications, also know as Information Systems (IS). The authors, labeled this consolidation of IS as the organizations sorbefacient capacity and claimed that it plays an intermediary role between IS integration and business performance, where IS integration is the deliver to which data and applications have become routine in the twenty-four hour period to day activities of an organization.Therefore, the authors hypothe size of itd that IS integration leads to greater business performance through and through shock-absorbent capacity, that is, that absorptive capacity has a mediation role in how a business performs (Francalanci & Morabito, 2008, p. 298). The hypothesis was tested on 466 Italian SMEs who lacked economies of scale in the business scene exhibited a general lack of IT literacy and w ere led by management that was rarely IT-oriented. absorbefacient capacity coifd. Cohen and Levinthal (1990) and Zahra and George (2002a) defined absorptive capacity as an SMEs ability to primary identify/recognize knowledge from extraneous sources, then to assimilate this knowledge in relation to its needs, and finally to exploit this knowledge to its advantage (as cited in Francalanci & Morabito, 2008). This baron take the ability to imitate competitors products or processes, or to exploit less commercially rivet knowledge (e.g., scientific research or IT solutions).Integrating anything external requires a shootment curve on the part of the entity attempting its integration. Since IT is a complex technology, it too requires a learning curve so that data and applications may be effectively integrated with the familiaritys day to day functioning. If this is achieved, IT leave behind have a positive carry on on business performance. However, if this is not achieved, then the union not only does not perform better, but also fails to achieve a return on its investment in the IT. Francalanci and Morabito (2008) found that in rewrite for IT to be roaringly absorbed, the company commencement ceremony undeniable to align its processes with the new IT in order for it to result in the coveted increase in efficiency.Next, the company needed to make sure that all IT substance abusers were sufficiently trained in its uses and applications. In addition, management must ensure that the organization is localize to embrace the change that IT integration and use will bring. And finally, the organization needs to pageant flexibility in adapting to the new IT integration so that there is little passage of time and cost. However, if a company has management that is not IT oriented or that is averse to train its employees in IT use, then the absorptive capacity of the company is low resulting in little or no increase in business performance level(p) after a n investment in IT.The digital DivideWielicki and Arendt (2007), agree with Francalanci and Morabito (2008) in their findings as to what barriers continue the successful integration of IT. match to Wielicki and Arendt (2007), these barriers include a lack of wide-eyed digital experience caused by lack of interest computer anxiety and unattractiveness of the new technology lack of computers and network connections lack of digital skills caused by insufficient user friendliness and inadequate education or social arrest lack of significant usage opportunities.These barriers are not mingled from the characteristics of the 466 SMEs chosen by Francalanci and Morabito (2008)lack of economies of scale in the business setting lack of IT literacy and management that was not IT-oriented. It is these barriers that, according to Wielicki and Arendt (2007), key the digital select between SMEs and larger companies that have successfully and willingly pick out and absorbed IT to increase th eir competitive advantages.According to Wielicki and Arendt (2007), it is the failure to understand the digital divide which may have a dim seismic disturbance on operations of business in this information-driven century. In other words, farther from being a luxury, IT has become a necessity in this globalized economic environment. Without successful integration of IT, that is, moving beyond the radical use of the Internet and e-mail for base communication purposes, a company might find itself unable to take advantage of e-commerce ventures due to the limited level of computer literacy of both employees and broad market participants. In particular, in veritable and emerging markets, a company may find that the straw man of the digital divide may proceed it from appreciating the benefits of technology-driven opportunities. As a result, the dynamic appendage of the e-commerce economy could turn out to be somewhat deceiving unless we can move more businesses and more of societ y onto the right side of the divide. Implications and RecommendationsAcross the literature there is no doubt that integration of ICT has become a necessity for business success for SMEs. However, the literature also agrees that there are many barriers in the way of successful submerging and implementation of ICT in SMEs. In addition to the widespread agreement on these two points, the literature also provides proposals and recommendations for overcoming the barriers. One important factor in creating solutions is government matter due to the lack of financial resources on the part of individual SMEs. However, one size does not fit all, and Millis (2008) provides the following proposeions about how government should proceed * launching of a proper standard for measuring the advance of ICT and e-technology adaptation* Taking into account the complexity of the reality and circumstances in SMEs that prevent computerization proceeding as a structured, sequential process. * Taking int o account that a holistic approach to IT integration cannot work because of the large diversity between SMEs * turning away of high-level approaches and over-bureaucratized project structures * Avoidance of overestimating the impact of government initiatives on the behavior of alive(p) SMEs * Provision of direct and specific support to SMEs designed to elicit concrete results * Creation of realistic and measurable goals and models that support the choices of the company rather than something generic that is imposed on the company be the government some other recommendation comes from Wielicki and Arendt (2007).Since the US is the most right country with regard to IT use and integration, they suggest that it be used as a model of see to determine how the barriers to successful IT integration be overcome in other countries. In addition, they counsel keep research to track the progress of SMEs in crossing the business digital divide, introduce the level of implementation of ICT- based solutions at the business process level and the role of ICT raising in SMEs or of ICT in integrating business processes of SMEs. In an effort to successfully define these research objectives, Thurasamy, Mohamad, Omar, and Marimuthu (2009), have proposed an semiempirical study across 1500 Malaysian SMEs in order to determine the following 1. To visibility the type of technologies adopted by SMEs.2. To write the extent of usage of each of those technologies. 3. To develop an index for performance and technological acceptation tracking of SMEs. 4. To investigate factors that encourage, as well as those that remain barriers to technology adoption.5. To defecate the extent of technology adoption and performance (financial and non-financial) plus Internationalization.As we can see, the objectives of this study mirror the suggestions of Wielicki and Arendt (2007) as to the nature of kick upstairs research into IT integration in SMEs. other reason cited for the unsuccessful ad aptation of IT was lack of employee training. Therefore, government initiatives like the ones featured in a report released by the Directorate-General for procreation and Culture in Belgium (2003), could be employ towards increasing the effectiveness of employees in relation to the use and adaptation of IT. The report profiles 10 European employee training programs ranging from piecewide web-based information and communication technologies training for manufacturing SMEs to a compact disc read-only memory based program to help SMEs define their training needs.ConclusionAs can be seen from the above discussion, there is a definite need to foster the integration of IT/ICT in SMEs in both developed and developing economies. While this need has been authenticated by the literature, it is also clear that there are many obstacles that stand in the way of the successful implementation of the technology. It would seem, therefore, that the stage is set for further investigation into the technological and educational needs of SMEs around the world. It would also seem that there are economic consumption and business opportunities for those with the necessary know-how and skills to offer their serve as consultants and trainers to SMEs desiring to integrate IT/ICT into their day to day activities.ReferencesBank of England Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics. (2001, January). Retrieved from http//web stash.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cacheJvJUI7yMYv8Jwww.accaglobal.com/pdfs/smallbusiness/EESME.doc+SME+percentage+of+GDP&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=usCabello, N. (2010, March 1). Looking at some SME successes in developed countries. Manila Bulleting issue Corporation. Retrieved fromhttp//www.mb.com.ph/node/245735/looking-Calzado, M. M. (2003). Productivity Management expire for SMEs, 1, 25-28. Retrieved from http//www.ilofip.org/Documents/Module3-Causesforlowproductivity.pdfCole, K. (n.d.). Technoserve and the Google Foundation spark Ghanaian economy through nee ded Small and Medium Enterprise development. Believe, Begin, Become. Retrieved from http//www.believe-begin-become.com/Ghana/morenews.asp?NewsID=23Directorate-General for training and Culture in Belgium (2003). Building Skills and Qualifications among SME employees. Retrieved from schoolman seem Premier EBSCO database.Millis, K. (2008). Critical analysis of policy measures for the advancement of the level of computerization of SMEs. Information Technology for Development, 14(3), 253-258. Retrieved April 23, 2010 from academic Search Premier EBSCO database.Thurasamy, R., Mohamad, O., Omar, A., & Marimuthu, M. (2009). Technology adoption among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) A research agenda. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 53. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier EBSCO database.Wielicki, T. & Arendt, L. (2007). ICT Training discern to closing digital divide among businesses campaign of SMEs in central California. International journal of Learning,organ izational absorptive capacity in SMEs. ledger of Information Technology, 14(6), 181-186. Retrieved from EBSCO Host database.

Billy Mitchell: A Critical Analysis of His Leadership Essay

wand Mitchell was a utopian prevalentisepower pi superst arr who demonstrated very effective traceing in product line operations, how constantly his softness to dampen a guiding league limited his posture in leading the major organizational permute he so desperately desired. instauration-wide Mitchell was a famous, some would say infamous, airpower thinker who some think as the father of the United States blood line make.1 natural into a wealthy family and the son of a Wisconsin Senator, Mitchell could gravel chosen a action of luxury. But he-goat sought great adventure and chose the military sprightliness instead. He joined the phalanx at the duration of eighteen, six years before the Wright brothers made their basic historic flight at Kitty Hawk. whiz time powered flight was prove, it wouldnt take dour for men to make it a weapon of war. For the U.S. phalanx, Mitchell piece himself leading this endeavour in World warfare I and, by wholly accoun ts, he did so superbly. In this obtain, he gained a vision for airpower so firmly embraced that he became the Statess near outspoken supporter of air forces and the need for an freelancer publicize Service.See to a greater extent than how to write an outlineAs he pursued this challenge, Mitchells leadership was both stirring and divisive leading to undaunted displays of airpower technology and also to courts martial for insubordi people. Despite his thrusts, universal Mitchell was not able to drive the Army and the nation to the strategical counterchange he desired for airpower. In the years, however, following his downfall, many of his concepts at long last won the day. Denied his vision in life, his contri stillions were rewarded six years after his conclusion when he was posthumously promoted to Major General and awarded the congressional Gold Medal. How could a man succeed so greatly in ane bod of his life, but fail to achieve the same level of conquest in anot her, given the fact that history has proven his airpower tenants correct? To answer this, one must(prenominal) turn out Mitchells leadership and explore how it affected his successes and failures. The diffuse War openinglege leadership curriculum provides an environment to assay the at a lower placepinnings of leadership and how it may be defined and improved. As a core analytical framework, it utilizes the right to lead story (RTL) Model.2 This amaze allows one, given certain authority, obligations, and requirements, to appreciate leadership against the factors of competence, character, individualizedity, and relevance. I use these factors to assess Mitchells field leadership and provide rationale for his operating(a) successes. Mitchell possessed high levels of leadership competence, especially with take to his knowledge and skills. He was very intelligent and utilise himself to mastering the technical aspects of every military duty, which traverse a wide gamut from reading Morse principle to flying aircraft. His assignments, from the jungles of the Philippines to the barren tundra of Alaska, provided him with great breadth of experience from which he polished the individualized skills needed to lead his men. He leveraged this talent in the start world war, when he brought the power of his knowledge and experience to storm the ignorance of those who failed to discover how to employ airpower in the fight.3 The one limiting factor in Mitchells competence related to his behavior, specifically in the wear of the uniform, where he was known to take free reign in everything that adds a touch of picturesque to his personality.4 He would confuse been wise to remedy his behavior in this regard, as some of his actions drew outrage from his men, including the wear of more gold chevrons on his sleeve than he was authorized.5 as luck would have it for Mitchell, due to his strength of character, his men were mostly impulsive to over reflexion his beh avioral faults. He was known as a man of integrity and was fiercely use to the fountainhead being of his men. Given that an honest effort was put forward, he was surprisingly tolerant of mistakes. more or slight importantly in the eyes of his troops, before fiat a subordinate to undertake a toughie assignment, Mitchell would experiment with the task himself.6 Consider the following Mitchell enlisted into the Army at eighteen despite his option of an easier life he was the first airmen to volunteer for assignment to France in World War I and he was the first Ameri tin officer to fly over the German front lines.7 I argue that these examples all support the fine character of General Mitchell. Mitchells personality was well suited for leadership in a field environment. He was able to effectively utilize the coercive, authoritative, and pacesetting leadership styles that, according to leadership research, were well suited for executing his vision in nerve-wracking environments wit h highly motivated men.8 He engendered high levels of assumption from those who worked under him and gained the respect of those who worked by his side, including the British, French, and Italian affiliate leadership.9 Relevance, the apex of the RTL model, is a direct result of a leaders influence and occurs at the organizational, environmental, and personal levels.10 Mitchell showed relevance in all of these areas. First, from an environmental perspective, he brought together multiple organizations, air forces from Britain, Italy, and the United States, and coordinated their personnel and equipment into a viable fighting force, which culminated in the greatest concentration of air power that had ever taken place.11 He had high organizational relevance, changing the persona of his combined force from one solely focused on strategic attack, to one comfortable executing the additional tactics and techniques of air superiority, close air support, and interdiction.12 Finally, General Mitchell had tremendous personal relevance to the airmen fighting under his command. As America rushed to get into the European air fight, they suffered from farseeing delays in producing aircraft and training pilots, so much so that the vast majority of Army airmen shipped to Mitchell had never seen an airplane.13 He took this force and trained them to fly, fight, and win culminating in a decisive victory at the Battle of St. Mihiel. The RTL model proves a valuable tool to help understand why Mitchell was an effective leader in field operations, which culminated in his effective planning and execution of the European air campaign of World War I. His experiences on that point convinced him that airpower would be the dominate force in future warfare and to effectively organize, train, equip, and employ it ask the creation of an independent atmospheric state Service Department.14 Enacting such a vision required strategic organizational change, which Mitchell exploited to lead. He proved less successful in this regard and Ill look to experts on leading change in an effort to understand why. In his book Leading Change, hindquarters Kotter spells out the eight steps to get to major change within an organization.15 The change process can be summarized in three phases break the circumstance quo introduce many new practices and ground the changes into the organizational culture.16 To break the status quo, post-war budget cutbacks provided the required feel of urgency to produce military change and Mitchell had a clear and articulate vision, but he failed to progress to a sufficiently powerful guiding coalition to support the change. Though he was able to create a large cadre of airpower advocates in the military, the congress, and in the public, Mitchell was never able to get Army and navy leadership to buy into his vision.When the head of an organization is not an active supporter, major change can be unimaginable.17 Unable to break the status quo, Mitche ll targeted the second phase of the change process by introducing new practices and empowering those under his command to take broad action in the development of new aircraft and more capable munitions. Mitchell hoped public demonstrations of these capabilities would force his leadership to buy into his vision. In an attempt to make this happen, he turned to dissent. Mitchell utilized the study press to campaign for support, publicly denouncing the policies and positions of his leadership.18 In more recent times, other famous leaders, including Generals Douglas McArthur and Stanley McChrystal, have been alleviate for publicly espousing opinion in conflict with subject area leadership. But I believe Mitchell felt subject area security was at stake and that, as the Armys top airpower strategist, his expertise was being overlooked.When these conditions are met, some argue that dissent is appropriate.19 Right or wrong, Mitchells public campaign won him a very public showing of airpo wer capabilities, where his men famously sunk the battleship Ostfriesland.20 His public success did accumulate support for aviation Navy aviation. The public disposition of his dissent off finish leadership and made it impossible for him to build the guiding coalition required for his vision. Without this bring up ingredient, he was unable to drive the organizational change desired. General Richard Myers argues that successful strategic leaders must manage cognitive dissonance.21 Thus, successful management convey maintaining relationships despite disagreement. Mitchell failed here when he went public. Remarkably, he wasnt fired, probably because his views aligned with the public mood of the day.22 However, he again enacted this approach three years later with even stronger criticism of national constitution and leadership. This time, hed experience the impacts of dissent as he was tried and convicted at court martial. Although this ended his military career, Mitchell regarde d his trial as a demand cog in the wheel of progress.23 he-goat Mitchell was an exceedingly effective leader in field operations. He was also a visionary airpower pioneer who attempted, but failed, to lead organizational change due to his inability to build the requisite coalition. His ideas were valid and later implement after his death. It took men with different leadership competencies, however, to eventually enact the changes Mitchell so deeply advocated.1. Lt Col William Ott, Maj Gen William baton Mitchell A Pyrrhic Promotion, Air and Space big businessman Journal, winter 2006, 27. 2. Gene Kamena, Col Mark Danigole, and CAPT Scott Askins, The Right to Lead, (working paper, Air War College, Maxwell, AL, 2012), 1. 3. Roger Burlingame, General nightstick Mitchell (Westport, CT Greenwood Press, Inc., 1978), 78. 4. Ibid., 103.5. Ibid., 79.6. Ibid., 78-79.7. Dr. Michael L. Grumelli, truncheon Mitchells Air War Practice, Promise, and Controversy, (lecture, issue Museum of the United States Air Force Lecture Series, Dayton, OH, 16 Jan 2000), NPN. 8. Daniel Goleman, Leadership That Gets Results, On Point Harvard work Review, March-April, 2002, 11. 9. Burlingame, General Billy Mitchell, 103.10. Kamena, Danigole, and Askins, The Right to Lead, 1-5. 11. Burlingame, General Billy Mitchell, 94.12. Grumelli, Billy Mitchells Air War, NPN.13. Burlingame, General Billy Mitchell, 73-74.14. Alfred F. Hurley, Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power (Bloomington, IN atomic number 49 University Press, 1975), 40. 15. earth-closet P. Kotter, Leading Change (Boston MA Harvard Business cultivate Press, 1996), 20-22. 16. Ibid., 23.17. Ibid., 6. 18. Hurley, Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power, 62. 19. put on M. Snyder, Dissent and strategic Leadership in the troops Professions, ASSI Publication 849 (Carlisle, PA Army Strategic Studies Institute, February 2008), 6-7. 20. Hurley, Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power, 64-69. 21. GEN Richard B. Myers, Ret. and Albert C. Pi erce, On Strategic Leadership, go Force Quarterly, none 54, 3rd quarter 2009, 13. 22. Hurley, Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power, 90. 23. Hurley, Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power, 105.Bibliography1. Roger Burlingame, General Billy Mitchell (Westport, CT Greenwood Press, Inc., 1978), 1-94. 2. Daniel Goleman, Leadership That Gets Results, On Point Harvard Business Review, March-April, 2002,1-15. 3. Dr. Michael L. Grumelli, Billy Mitchells Air War Practice, Promise, and Controversy, (lecture, National Museum of the United States Air Force Lecture Series, Dayton, OH, 16 Jan 2000) 4. Alfred F. Hurley, Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power (Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press, 1975), 1-105. 5. Gene Kamena, Col Mark Danigole, and CAPT Scott Askins, The Right to Lead, (working paper, Air War College, Maxwell, AL, 2012), 1-14. 6. John P. Kotter, Leading Change (Boston MA Harvard Business School Press, 1996), 3-31. 7. GEN Richard B. Myers, Ret. and Albert C. Pierce, On Strategi c Leadership, Joint Force Quarterly, No. 54, 3rd quarter 2009, 12-13. 8. Lt Col William Ott, Maj Gen William Billy Mitchell A Pyrrhic Promotion, Air and Space Power Journal, Winter 2006, 27-33. 9. Don M. Snyder, Dissent and Strategic Leadership in the Military Professions, ASSI Publication 849 (Carlisle, PA Army Strategic Studies Institute, February 2008), 1-46. 10. Marybeth P. Ulrich, The General Stanley McChrystal Affair A Case field of honor in Civil-Military Relations, Parameters, US Army War College Quarterly, Vol. xli No. 1, Spring 2011, pp. 86-100.